Suchergebnisse

The upcoming General Data Protection Regulation at EU level to be implemented in 2018 will represent a history achievement data time when the Europe is laying the foundations of a single digital market. In the context of Big Data and eHealth, it is convenient to tackle the influence of the current EU regulation related to health data. This research was conceived from the idea of assessing the influence of the right to personal data protection, born in Europe and projected in the last decades in other regions such as Latin America. Privacy and data protection in the era of Big Data are not per se guaranteed. lt is the citizens themselves who are asking for a harmonized protection within the EU; this health data regulatory framework can be regarded as a data protection model in eHealth internationally. 2016 represented the 10th anniversary of the international Data Protection Day, a celebration that was established by the committee of ministers of the Council of Europe and the European Commission to raise awareness amongst citizens. In order to contribute to this scientific progress, an undetermined number of databases and tools are deployed, with a varied and technically complex set of systems applied to several scientific disciplines. The use of these resources, diverse and fragmented in many cases, has led the EU to develop a number of initiatives to standardize the access and management of both information and systems, representing what I call a benchmark model. This research aims at shedding light on the engine of this model and its implications beyond Europe, looking at Latin America, based on the cultural, linguistic and commercial cooperation links with Spain. lt is about assessing the current magnitude of concepts such as Big Data, eHealth, data protection and electronic health records, after 50 years of progress in the area of data protection, when in the heart of Europe, first regulation of personal data protection was born. The European Union is the most regulated jurisdiction when it comes to data protection, and it is the European citizens themselves who have promoted legal changes and the defence of their rights. The law provides special privileges to health data. Scientific research and health care within the eHealth environment require a stable framework, with legal certainty, in which the European Commission has been working extensively. This doctoral research splits in three stages: -Stage one refers to a deep review of the former and state-of-the-art investigations on this matter to gain an integrated and global knowledge, focusing on the European framework, analysing the evolution of data protection towards full integration in the EU, surrounding health and new technologies, in the light of the attitudes of European citizens towards data protection and electronic identity, while comparing the personal data protection cultures, within the EU, related to a harmonized legal framework. -Latin America has no integrated regional legal system, but appears to be largely following the EU model of consumer privacy. To confirm the current tendency, in stage two I have compared the six largest EU economies and Latin America and analysed the advantages of convergence with the EU policy, while identifying the influence of the EU framework. -In stage three I have investigated the existing barriers towards alignment with the EU framework, from the Latin-American experience, in order to develop an international framework. Hence, healthcare data are very precious but they trigger colossal privacy and security issues, I conclude that the privacy policy appears to play a pivotal role within the future strategy of the businesses dealing with data of European citizens. The special protection that health data receive in Europe is trendsetting while the EU emerges as a model of global data protection regime. ; A partir de 2018 se pone en práctica en la UE una nueva regulación de protección de datos, lo que representará un hito histórico, ahora que Europa sienta las bases legales del mercado único digital. En el entorno del Big Data en eHealth conviene evaluar la influencia de la actual regulación de la UE respecto a los datos de salud. Esta investigación surge de la idea de analizar la influencia del derecho a la protección de datos personales, nacido en Europa y proyectado en las últimas décadas en otras zonas geográficas como América Latina. La privacidad en tiempos del Big Data no está per se garantizada. El marco regulatorio de datos de salud en la UE se puede considerar un modelo de protección de datos a escala internacional. En 2016 se celebró el décimo aniversario del Día Internacional de la Protección de Datos, establecido a iniciativa del Comité de Ministros del Consejo de Europa y la Comisión Europea para concienciar a todos los ciudadanos. Para contribuir a estos avances en la ciencia, se despliegan múltiples bases de datos y herramientas, con sistemas que son variados y complejos técnicamente, aplicados a diferentes disciplinas científicas. El uso de estos recursos, diversos y fragmentados en muchas ocasiones, ha conducido a la UE a desarrollar distintas iniciativas para la normalización del acceso y el tratamiento de la información y los sistemas, dando lugar a lo que podemos calificar como un modelo de referencia. Esta investigación pretende arrojar luz en cuanto al motor de este modelo y sus implicaciones fuera del territorio europeo, especialmente teniendo en consideración la experiencia en América Latina. Se trata de valorar la magnitud que hoy tienen conceptos como Big Data, eHealth, protección de datos e historia clínica electrónica, después de casi 50 años de avances en materia de protección de datos, desde que, en el seno de Europa, apareció la primera regulación de protección de datos de carácter personal. La Unión Europea es la jurisdicción más regulada en materia de protección de datos y son los propios ciudadanos europeos los que han impulsado los cambios legislativos y la defensa de sus derechos. La ley protege de forma especial los datos de salud. La investigación científica y la atención sanitaria en el entorno de eHealth también requieren un marco de trabajo estable, con seguridad jurídica, en el que ha trabajado la Comisión Europea. Las fases de esta investigación son tres:-Partiendo de una amplia revisión del estado del arte para obtener una visión integral, esta primera fase se ha centrado en el marco europeo analizando la evolución de la protección de datos hacia su plena integración en el seno de la UE, en el contexto de la salud y las nuevas tecnologías, a través de las actitudes sobre protección de datos e identidad electrónica de los ciudadanos europeos, y comparando la cultura sobre datos de carácter personal, dentro de la UE, hacia la adaptación a un marco legal armonizado.-En la segunda fase se analizan las seis principales economías de la UE, y se compara con las seis mayores economías de Latinoamérica, para atender a las ventajas de la convergencia de terceros países con la política europea, y concluir con la influencia de la regulación de la UE.-Una vez analizada la interrelación del marco europeo (UE) y latinoamericano, se abordan en una tercera fase las dificultades a las que se enfrentan terceros países, desde el ejemplo latinoamericano, a la hora de desarrollar un marco armonizado. Se concluye que los datos de salud son muy preciados, pero conllevan enormes problemas relativos a la privacidad y la seguridad, por lo que la política sobre privacidad se presenta como una materia que va a desempeñar un papel estratégico especialmente en las empresas que traten datos de ciudadanos europeos. La especial protección que reciben los datos de salud en Europa marca tendencia a la vez que la UE se erige como modelo internacional de protección de datos. ; Postprint (published version)

The upcoming General Data Protection Regulation at EU level to be implemented in 2018 will represent a history achievement data time when the Europe is laying the foundations of a single digital market. In the context of Big Data and eHealth, it is convenient to tackle the influence of the current EU regulation related to health data. This research was conceived from the idea of assessing the influence of the right to personal data protection, born in Europe and projected in the last decades in other regions such as Latin America. Privacy and data protection in the era of Big Data are not per se guaranteed. lt is the citizens themselves who are asking for a harmonized protection within the EU; this health data regulatory framework can be regarded as a data protection model in eHealth internationally. 2016 represented the 10th anniversary of the international Data Protection Day, a celebration that was established by the committee of ministers of the Council of Europe and the European Commission to raise awareness amongst citizens. In order to contribute to this scientific progress, an undetermined number of databases and tools are deployed, with a varied and technically complex set of systems applied to several scientific disciplines. The use of these resources, diverse and fragmented in many cases, has led the EU to develop a number of initiatives to standardize the access and management of both information and systems, representing what I call a benchmark model. This research aims at shedding light on the engine of this model and its implications beyond Europe, looking at Latin America, based on the cultural, linguistic and commercial cooperation links with Spain. lt is about assessing the current magnitude of concepts such as Big Data, eHealth, data protection and electronic health records, after 50 years of progress in the area of data protection, when in the heart of Europe, first regulation of personal data protection was born. The European Union is the most regulated jurisdiction when it comes to data protection, and it is the European citizens themselves who have promoted legal changes and the defence of their rights. The law provides special privileges to health data. Scientific research and health care within the eHealth environment require a stable framework, with legal certainty, in which the European Commission has been working extensively. This doctoral research splits in three stages: -Stage one refers to a deep review of the former and state-of-the-art investigations on this matter to gain an integrated and global knowledge, focusing on the European framework, analysing the evolution of data protection towards full integration in the EU, surrounding health and new technologies, in the light of the attitudes of European citizens towards data protection and electronic identity, while comparing the personal data protection cultures, within the EU, related to a harmonized legal framework. -Latin America has no integrated regional legal system, but appears to be largely following the EU model of consumer privacy. To confirm the current tendency, in stage two I have compared the six largest EU economies and Latin America and analysed the advantages of convergence with the EU policy, while identifying the influence of the EU framework. -In stage three I have investigated the existing barriers towards alignment with the EU framework, from the Latin-American experience, in order to develop an international framework. Hence, healthcare data are very precious but they trigger colossal privacy and security issues, I conclude that the privacy policy appears to play a pivotal role within the future strategy of the businesses dealing with data of European citizens. The special protection that health data receive in Europe is trendsetting while the EU emerges as a model of global data protection regime. ; A partir de 2018 se pone en práctica en la UE una nueva regulación de protección de datos, lo que representará un hito histórico, ahora que Europa sienta las bases legales del mercado único digital. En el entorno del Big Data en eHealth conviene evaluar la influencia de la actual regulación de la UE respecto a los datos de salud. Esta investigación surge de la idea de analizar la influencia del derecho a la protección de datos personales, nacido en Europa y proyectado en las últimas décadas en otras zonas geográficas como América Latina. La privacidad en tiempos del Big Data no está per se garantizada. El marco regulatorio de datos de salud en la UE se puede considerar un modelo de protección de datos a escala internacional. En 2016 se celebró el décimo aniversario del Día Internacional de la Protección de Datos, establecido a iniciativa del Comité de Ministros del Consejo de Europa y la Comisión Europea para concienciar a todos los ciudadanos. Para contribuir a estos avances en la ciencia, se despliegan múltiples bases de datos y herramientas, con sistemas que son variados y complejos técnicamente, aplicados a diferentes disciplinas científicas. El uso de estos recursos, diversos y fragmentados en muchas ocasiones, ha conducido a la UE a desarrollar distintas iniciativas para la normalización del acceso y el tratamiento de la información y los sistemas, dando lugar a lo que podemos calificar como un modelo de referencia. Esta investigación pretende arrojar luz en cuanto al motor de este modelo y sus implicaciones fuera del territorio europeo, especialmente teniendo en consideración la experiencia en América Latina. Se trata de valorar la magnitud que hoy tienen conceptos como Big Data, eHealth, protección de datos e historia clínica electrónica, después de casi 50 años de avances en materia de protección de datos, desde que, en el seno de Europa, apareció la primera regulación de protección de datos de carácter personal. La Unión Europea es la jurisdicción más regulada en materia de protección de datos y son los propios ciudadanos europeos los que han impulsado los cambios legislativos y la defensa de sus derechos. La ley protege de forma especial los datos de salud. La investigación científica y la atención sanitaria en el entorno de eHealth también requieren un marco de trabajo estable, con seguridad jurídica, en el que ha trabajado la Comisión Europea. Las fases de esta investigación son tres:-Partiendo de una amplia revisión del estado del arte para obtener una visión integral, esta primera fase se ha centrado en el marco europeo analizando la evolución de la protección de datos hacia su plena integración en el seno de la UE, en el contexto de la salud y las nuevas tecnologías, a través de las actitudes sobre protección de datos e identidad electrónica de los ciudadanos europeos, y comparando la cultura sobre datos de carácter personal, dentro de la UE, hacia la adaptación a un marco legal armonizado.-En la segunda fase se analizan las seis principales economías de la UE, y se compara con las seis mayores economías de Latinoamérica, para atender a las ventajas de la convergencia de terceros países con la política europea, y concluir con la influencia de la regulación de la UE.-Una vez analizada la interrelación del marco europeo (UE) y latinoamericano, se abordan en una tercera fase las dificultades a las que se enfrentan terceros países, desde el ejemplo latinoamericano, a la hora de desarrollar un marco armonizado. Se concluye que los datos de salud son muy preciados, pero conllevan enormes problemas relativos a la privacidad y la seguridad, por lo que la política sobre privacidad se presenta como una materia que va a desempeñar un papel estratégico especialmente en las empresas que traten datos de ciudadanos europeos. La especial protección que reciben los datos de salud en Europa marca tendencia a la vez que la UE se erige como modelo internacional de protección de datos. ; Postprint (published version)

[spa] La tesis de doctorado explora analíticamente el vínculo entre migración, desarrollo y remesas mediante el estudio etnográfico del programa de contratación en origen y codesarrollo del sindicato agrario Unió de Pagesos (Catalunya, Estado Español). Éste se analiza como un sistema de trabajo migratorio (Burawoy, 1976) y como una experiencia de institucionalización de la migración (Goss y Linquist, 1997) en forma de empresa migratoria, que se articula en un campo social transnacional donde se conectan distintos actores con intereses lucrativos y políticos que fomentan la migración, instituciones estatales, ONGD y grupos domésticos. Este programa de migración circular se erige como un instrumento de control y regulación de flujos, y alberga la misión de intervenir sobre poblaciones mediante el formato de estimular el retorno y la orientación en la inversión productiva y empresarial de la remesa, para generar desarrollo local y atacar la pobreza causante de las migraciones. Describir su discurso y su misión de codesarrollo, así como analizar sus prácticas locales en un país de reclutamiento como Colombia, permite entrever un juego de lógicas e intereses entre distintos actores sociales, que se ubican en una estructura asimétrica y jerárquica, fundamentada en la desigualdad en la movilización global de mano obra. Y en esta misma estructura, la implementación del codesarrollo se asimila con las estructuras y los proyectos de cooperación internacional, ONGD y asociaciones campesinas que actúan en el país latinoamericano y que perciben el programa en términos de oportunidad de financiamiento. La investigación muestra que existe un enfoque economicista e institucional que guía la experiencia, y revela como el reclutamiento de mano de obra en origen en Colombia y sus suministro hacia la agricultura catalana su fusiona con procesos informales de contratación y otros factores extraeconómicos, como el clientelismo, el patronazgo andino y el asociacionismo campesino, que devienen claves en el negocio del reclutamiento de mano de obra a nivel global, e implementación de codesarrollo a nivel local. En la tesis se analiza el programa de reclutamiento y codesarrollo como una empresa de la migración, y focaliza en dos estudios de caso en el suroccidente del país andino (Norte del Cauca y Nariño), donde se implementaron proyectos colectivos de codesarrollo entre los años 2001 y 2013. Además, se observa el problema desde las poblaciones en origen y desde la posición de las personas –gran parte de ellas mujeres-, grupos domésticos y agentes sociales radicados en origen. Las obligaciones morales, el retorno de favores, la reciprocidad y las economías del cuidado impregnan sus estrategias migratorias familiares y colectivas, y los usos y significados de mandar y recibir remesas. Mediante la antropología económica y la economía feminista se analiza el fomento de comportamientos centrados en el homo oeconomicus para empresarizar a las poblaciones migrantes y hacerlas agentes de codesarrollo en sus localidades de origen. Este planteamiento invisibiliza una parte oculta de los procesos migratorios y la redistribución de los beneficios de la migración: el rol clave de los agentes locales, sus estrategias migratorias comunitarias, y el vínculo entre remesas sociales, diferenciación social y poder local. También, el hecho de que la mayoría de hogares involucrados en la experiencia transnacional se rigen por lógicas de la reproducción ampliada de la vida (Coraggio, 2004). Mirar desde la posición más oculta de este proceso glocal, revela la importancia de las lógicas basadas en la sostenibilidad de la vida (Carrasco, 2001). El papel de las mujeres y los grupos de parientes conectan el trabajo doméstico y las economías del cuidado con el trabajo asalariado en los países de destino. En un contexto de políticas neoliberales y control represivo de los flujos migratorios, las emprendimientos que fomenta esta experiencia de migración y codesarrollo se sustenta sobra las esferas más ocultas, pero más dinámicas, que forman parte de los procesos migratorios globales. ; [eng] The doctoral thesis explores analytically the link between migration, development and remittances through the ethnographic study of the recruitment in origin program and co-development program of agrarian trade Unió de Pagesos (Catalunya, Spain). This is analyzed as a migratory labor system (Burawoy, 1976) and as an institutionalization of migration experience (Goss and Linquist, 1997) that takes form of a migration company. This is articulated in a transnational social field where different actors are connected with profit and political interests that stimulate the migration, state institutions, NGO and domestic groups. This program of circular migration is built as an instrument of control and regulation of flows. Beside harbors the mission to intervene about population using the format to simulate the return and guide to the productive and entrepreneur investment of remittances. The main objective that pursuit is to generate local development and attack the poverty that cause migrations. Describe their discourse and their co-development mission, as well as analyze their local practices in a recruitment country as Colombia, allows us to glimpse a game of logic and interests among different social actors, which are located in a hierarchical and asymmetric structure. An structure founded in inequality in the global mobilization of the labor force. In this same structure, co-development implementation is integrated with the structures and projects of international cooperation, NGOD and peasant associations which acts in Colombia and perceive the program in terms of opportunity for financing. Research shows that an economicist and institutional approach that guide the experience exist. This reveals how the recruitment of labor force in Colombia and its supply to catalan agroindustry are merged with hire informal processes and another extra economic factors, such as patronage, clientelism and peasant asociationism. All of these become key in the labor recruitment business in a global level. Also, in the implementation of the co-development in a local level. The thesis analyzes the program as a migration Company and focuses on two case studies in the southwest Andean country (Northern Cauca and Nariño), where various collective projects have been implemented between 2001 and 2013. In addition, the problem is observed from local population and from positions people –mainly women-, domestic groups and social agents based in origin. The moral obligations, the return of favors, reciprocity and care economies permeate their family and collective migratory strategies, and the uses and meanings of sending and receiving remittances. Using anthropology economic and feminist economy it analyzes the promotion of behaviors focused in homo oeconomicus in migrant populations (for example to create business), and converse them to co-development agents in theirs origin localities. This approach hides a part of migration processes and the redistribution of the benefits of migration: the key role of local actors, the community migration strategies, and the link between social remittances, social differentiation and local power. Also, the fact that in the majority of households involved in transnational experiences is governed by the logic of extended reproduction of life (Coraggio, 2004). Observer from the part more hidden in this glocal process reveals the importance of the logics based on the sustainability of the life (Carrasco, 2001). The role of the women and the kin groups connect domestic work and care economies with wage labor in the countries of destination. In a context of neoliberal politics and repressive controls of migratory flows, the endeavors fomented by this experience of migration and co-development are defended in areas more hidden, but more dynamic, that are part of the process of global migration.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be effectively used for non-destructive testing of composite structures and diagnostics affecting the whole life-cycle of civil engineering works. Nevertheless, few recognised international standards exist in this field and inhomogeneous recommendations are present in different countries. Moreover, the levels of knowledge, awareness and experience regarding the use of GPR in civil engineering vary strongly across different European areas. The COST Action TU1208 is working hard on leveraging these differences, by sharing and disseminating knowledge and experience, as well as by developing guidelines and protocols for a safe and effective use of GPR in civil engineering. GPR users need to know which is the best way to conduct GPR measurements and what the quality level for the results should be. The TU1208 guidelines will ensure a higher efficiency and quality of GPR services and they will constitute a scientific basis for the introduction of European Standards on the application of GPR in civil engineering. The aim of this contribution is to present an in-depth overview and critical analysis of the existing GPR international and national standards and guidelines. The main documents considered in our work are listed and briefly described in the following. Three standards are provided by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), to guide the GPR use for subsurface investigation, evaluation of asphalt-covered concrete bridge decks, and determination of pavement-layer thickness: 1. ASTM D6432-11, Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, www.astm.org, DOI:10.1520/D6432-11. 2. ASTM D6087-08, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, www.astm.org, DOI:10.1520/D6087-08. 3. ASTM D4748-10, Standard Test Method for Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers Using Short-Pulse Radar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, www.astm.org, DOI:10.1520/D4748-10. Further ASTM standards exist, not focused on GPR but including useful information (details are not provided here, for brevity reasons). There are no standards in Europe, instead, guiding the GPR use for subsurface prospecting and regulating the numerous applications of this non-destructive technique. The following Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (RTTE) directive applies to GPR equipment and allows the placing of a GPR product on the European (EU) market for sale: Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999, on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity. Official Journal of the European Union, L 91, 7.4.1999, open access on ec.europa.eu. This document will be repealed, since 13 June 2016, by the following RTTE directive: Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014, on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment, repealing Directive 1999/5/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, L 153, 22.5.2014, open access on ec.europa. Although conformance to the RTTE directive allows the placing of a GPR product on the market for sale, it does not give authority for its use. In order to use the equipment, in the majority of EU member countries, a license is required. The license is controlled and issued by the radio administration in each of the member countries. The Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) considers and develops policies on electronic communications activities in European context, taking account of European and international legislations and regulations. There are 48 European countries involved in the CEPT, which cooperate to regulate posts, radio spectrum and communications networks in Europe. The ECC agreed to the decision ECC/DEC/(06)08, specifically referred to GPR and Wall Penetrating Radar (WPR) systems: ECC Decision of 1 December 2006 on the conditions for use of the radio spectrum by Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar (GPR/WPR) imaging systems, 14 December 2006, open access on www.cept.org. This is not legally binding on member countries. It is currently implemented by 25 and partly implemented by 2 of the 48 administrations; 5 further administration are considering and studying the decision. Outside Europe, different approaches exist, ranging from very formal technical approval and licensing conditions to no specific rules. A series of standards and codes, introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), regulate the GPR use and its emissions of electromagnetic radiation in Europe: 1. ETSI EN 301 489-1 v1.9.2, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 1: Common technical requirements, Sept. 2011, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEN/ERM-EMC-230-32, 45 pp. [7]. This document is a Harmonized European Standard. 2. ETSI EN 301 489-32 v1.1.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 32: Specific conditions for Ground and Wall Probing Radar applications, Sept. 2009, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEN/ERM-EMC-230-32, 12 pp. [8]. This document is currently (May 2015) a Candidate Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunication Series). 3. ETSI EN 302/066-1 v1.2.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods, Dec. 2007, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. REN/ERM-TG31A-0113-1, 25 pp. [9]. This document is a Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series). 4. ETSI EN 302/066-2 v1.2.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering essential requirements of article 3.2 of the RTTE Directive, Dec. 2007, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. REN/ERM-TG31A- 0113-2, 12 pp. [10]. This document is a Harmonized European Standard (Telecommunications series). 5. ETSI EG 202 730 v1.1.1, Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Code of Practice in respect of the control, use and application of Ground Probing Radar (GPR) and Wall Probing Radar (WPR) systems and equipment, Sept. 2009, open access on www.etsi.org, Ref. DEG/ERM-TGUWB-010, 11 pp. [11]. This document is currently (May 2015) an ETSI guide. Few National GPR Guidelines and Standards exist in Europe. In France, the National standard NF S 70-003, Parts 1-3, is concerned with the use of GPR to detect buried utilities. Still in France, Cerema/Ifsttar produced protocols for road inspection. In Germany, the DGZfP e.V. (German Society for Non-Destructive Testing) published a fact sheet called "Merkblatt B10" on the radar method for non-destructive testing in civil engineering (2008). Still in Germany, there is a BASt (Federal Highway Administration) instruction sheet on the use of GPR to gain inventory data of road structure (2003). In Poland, the national regulation of September 24, 1998 (Dz.U. Nr 126 poz. 839) cites 'georadar testing' as a method to investigate the soil structure. In Scandinavia, recommendations for guidelines were developed during the MARA NORD Project (2010-2012) on the use of GPR in asphalt air voids content measurements, in road construction quality control, in bridge deck surveys, in road rehabilitation projects and in site investigations. Acknowledgement This work stems from the research activities of COST (European COoperation in Science and Technology) Action TU1208 "Civil engineering applications of Ground Penetrating Radar." The Authors thank COST (www.cost.eu) for funding the Action TU1208 (www.GPRadar.eu). Part of this work was carried out during the Short-Term Scientific Mission STSM-TU1208-24656 "Comparative study of GPR international standards and guidelines" (Dr Lara Pajewski, Italy, visiting Prof Marian Marciniak, Poland).

Die Untersuchung setzt sich auseinander mit der Tatsache, dass die an sich mögliche und vom Gesetzgeber zum Zwecke der Resozialisierung in das StGB eingefügte Weisung : Ordnung der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse von den für die Strafaussetzung zur Bewährung zuständigen Strafrichtern in den letzten 3 ½ Jahrzehnten nur äußerst sporadisch erteilt wurde. Diese Weisung steht im Kontext der Strafrechtsreform in den 50er und 60er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts und hier vorzugsweise unter Beachtung des Rechtsinstituts Bewährung / Bewährungshilfe . Im Rahmen der Normen der Art. 20 und 28 GG sowie der Vorschriften des (Jugend-) Strafrechtes sollte u. a. auch die theoretische Vorarbeit geleistet werden. Es wurden die im Zusammenhang mit der wirtschaftlichen Sanierung stehenden Rechtsinstitute, wiebearbeitet. Als Grundlage der Schulden bedingten Resozialisierung wird u. a. § 56 c I, II Nr. 1 StGB gesehen. Warum diese gesetzlich eingeräumte Möglichkeit nur in so geringem Maße eingesetzt wird, ist so weit ersichtlich, bisher nicht bearbeitet worden. Aus verschiedensten Quellen und Untersuchungen wurde versucht, die Ursache herauszuarbeiten. Dazu wurde auch eine Fragebogenaktion durchgeführt. Alle dazu gefundenen Angaben gehen davon aus, dass die allgemein als notwendig angesehenen Sanierungsmaßnahmen sehr arbeitsintensiv sind und dass normalerweise die dafür erforderlichen Arbeitskapazitäten nicht vorhanden sind. Alle Aussagen gehen dahin, dass die für die Durchführung solcher Weisungen erforderlichen Mittel von der Politik nicht bereitgestellt werden und aus diesem Grunde die Spruchkörper Abstand nehmen, solche Weisungen zu verhängen. Alle zu diesem Thema erschienene Literatur, die vorzugsweise bis vor etwa zwei Jahrzehnten erschienen ist (in den letzten fünf Jahren sind nur soweit ersichtlich vier Monographien erschienen), lässt erkennen, dass der Einsatz der fraglichen Weisungen ein multidimensionales Problem darstellt. Aus der Thematik dieser Studie lassen sich bewährungsrelevante Bereiche der Probanden ableiten, wie: Die erfolgte Sozialisation, einschließlich schulischer und beruflicher Bildung, die körperlich seelische Verfassung, die wirtschaftlichen, arbeitsmäßigen und wohnungsmäßigen Verhältnisse sowie die sozialen Beziehungen (Partnerschaften) und Delinquenz, einschließlich deren Aufsicht und der sozialpädagogischen Betreuung. Der Weisungseinsatz ist von Richtern auf der kleinsten Einsatzquote festgelegt, so dass folgerichtig nur ein geringer Erfolg zu erwarten ist. Dieser Misserfolg überrascht daher wenig, eher schon die Tatsache, dass Führungsaufsichtsprobanden dabei nochmals unterrepräsentiert sind und dass die Bewährungserfolge aufgrund der einschlägigen Weisungen immer mehr absinken. In dem Zusammenhang fällt auf, dass das Verhältnis zwischen Probanden und Bewährungshelfer, obwohl ambivalent, sich doch als relativ stabil, vertrauensvoll und resistent gegen die Widerrufskriterien zeigt. Obwohl das Vertrauen der Probanden zum Bewährungshelfer Grenzen zeigt, stellt sich das Verhältnis unter Berücksichtigung der insgesamt extrem schwierigen Situation doch als günstig dar und die Probanden, die teilweise zu Beginn der Bewährungszeit über die Beiordnung eines Bewährungshelfers recht verärgert waren, dann doch erkannten, dass der Bewährungshelfer seinen Beitrag dazu leistete, sie vor einem Widerruf zu bewahren. Auch scheinen die Probanden ihre Autoritätskonflikte im Verhältnis zum Bewährungshelfer im Laufe der Zusammenarbeit abzubauen. Die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten propagierten Thesen über den Einfluss der Schulden auf die Straffälligkeit haben sich nicht nachweisen lassen. Weder haben die bisher vorliegenden Studien ergeben, dass die Anhäufung von Schulden zwangsläufig zu (erneuten) Straftaten führen, noch ist das Gegenteil der Fall gewesen. Die vorliegenden empirischen Ergebnisse fremder und eigener Arbeiten verdeutlichen, dass die Nichtanwendung der Weisungen über die Regelung der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse durchaus kritisch zu betrachten sind und über ihren Ausbau einschließlich dem tatsächlichen Veränderungsbedarf zu diskutieren sein wird. Dieser Ausarbeitung war es angelegen, die Möglichkeiten der Praxis zum Schuldenabbau zu erörtern und eine Lanze dafür zu brechen, dass die Weisungsmöglichkeit in § 56 c I, II Nr. 1 StGB in Zukunft nicht weiterhin als Stiefkind der Strafrechtspflege behandelt und trotz angeblicher Prioritätseinräumung durch die Politik in Wirklichkeit vernachlässigt und bewusst ungenutzt in der Kodifizierung versteckt gehalten wird. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es bisher nicht gelungen, die Kriminalitätsprobleme von verurteilten Straftätern einzuschränken. Dabei kommt es nicht darauf an, ob die erkannte Ahndung mit oder ohne Freiheitsentzug erfolgt. Beide Reaktionen wirken offensichtlich kaum prophylaktisch und werden von der Strafrechtspflege deshalb auch bei der Bestrafung in der Regel schon mehrfach deviant auffällig gewordener Täter eingesetzt, wobei nach der Statistik in der großen Mehrheit der Verurteilungen eine Geldstrafe verhängt wird. Die Bewährungshilfe wird selten, abgesehen von Jugendlichen, Heranwachsenden und Jungerwachsenen, bei Ersttätern bzw. bestraften eingesetzt. Nach der Justizwirklichkeit erfolgt bei zu Geldstrafen Verurteilten keine über einen Minimalbereich der Sozialarbeit hinausgehende Betreuung. Dabei könnte die Verknüpfung von Freiheitsentzug und betreuender Aufsicht bei rechtzeitigem und personalmäßig ausreichendem Einsatz so manche kriminelle Karriere aushebeln und neue Delikte verhindern. ; The research deals with the fact that the Order for the purpose of rehabilitation and settlement integrated into the StGB and which is possible as such: Order of the economic relations was granted only very sporadically by the judges responsible for the suspension of sentence on probation within the last three and a half decades. This Order is to see in context of the reform of the penal code in the 50ies and 60ies of the 20th century and here preferably while respecting the legal institutes probation / probation service . Within the scope of the norms of the article 20 and 28 GG (German Basic Law) as well as in the regulations of the (Youth) Penal Code a theoretical pre-Work should be done among others. The legal institutes standing in connection with the economic renovation, such aswere worked on. Among others the § 56 c I, II No. 1 StGB is seen as a basis of the debts conditional rehabilitation. The reason why this legally granted possibility is applied only to that minor extent, as far as this is evident, has not been worked on up to now. The attempt was made from various sources and researches to find out the cause. For this purpose a questionnaire survey was carried out. All indications found emanate from the fact that the sanitation measures, in general assessed as required, are very work-intensive and normally the necessary processing capacities are not available. All statements indicate that necessary means for the realization of such Orders are not provided by the politics and for that reason the administrative bodies refrain from imposing such Orders. Any literature published regarding this issue, which was especially published until two decades ago (within the last five years as far as evident four monographs were published), lets recognize that application of the aforesaid Orders represent a multi-dimensional problem. From the themes of this study probation-relevant area of the probationers can be deduced, such as: the socialisation carried out, including school-related and professional education, the physical mental state, the economic, work-related and resident-related conditions as well as the relationships (partnerships) and the delinquency, including their monitoring and the social-pedagogic counselling. The application of the Orders has been determined to the lowest application quota by the judges, so that as a consequence only small successes can be anticipated. This failure therefore does not actually surprise, rather than the fact, that the leading surveying probationers are by the way again under-represented, and therefore the successes of probation continues to sink because of the relevant Orders. In this context it attracts attention that the ratio between the probationers and probation officer, though ambivalent, turns out to be relatively stable, trustful and resistant against criteria of revocation. Although the confidence of the probationers to the probation officer comes to its limits, the relationship is still favourable while considering under extremely difficult situation and the probationers who were quite annoyed by the appointment of a probation officer at their side at the beginning of the probation time, have then recognized, that the probation officer ma! de his contribution to avoid a revocation. Also it seems that the probationers reduce their clash with authority in their relationship to the probation officer in the course of the cooperation. The theses propagated in the past decades regarding the influence of debts on the liability to punishment could not be proved. Nor the studies presented up to date gave the result that the accumulation of debts necessarily leads to (new) offences, nor has the contrary been the case. The current empirical results of foreign and own studies make clear that the non-application of the Orders regarding the regulation of the economic conditions can be though considered critically and about their extension including the actual need for change has to be discussed. It was the goal of this study to discuss the possibilities in practice for a redemption of debts and to take up the cudgels for someone, that the possibility of Order in § 56 c I, II No. 1 StGB in future will no longer be treated as a stepchild of the penal judicature and despite of the alleged grant of priority it is in realty neglected by the politics and consciously hidden unused in the codification. It this context there has been no success to restrict the criminality problems of the convicted offenders. Here it is not important, whether the given punishment is carried out with or without imprisonment. Both reactions do obviously not have a prophylactic effect and are therefore it is applied by the administrative judicature also for the punishment of offenders normally who were noticed repeatedly deviant, whereas according to statistics the large majority of the judgments are punished with fines. The probation service is seldom applied, apart from juveniles, teenagers an! d young adults, for first offenders respectively for the persons already punished. According to the reality in justice there is no counselling of offenders sentenced to a fine which exceeds a minimum of social work. However, the combination of detention and counselling supervision with timely and sufficient staffed application could be taken off some criminal career and prevent new offences.

Walking is the main mode of transportation for many of the world's people, particularly those in cities of the majority world. In the metropolitan region of Jakarta, walking in the public realm constitutes the main transportation mode for almost 40 percent of trips—a massive contribution to urban mobility. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive planning for pedestrians in an analogous manner to other modes of transportation. Pedestrian facilities are often dilapidated, damaged, dangerous, or missing completely. Additionally, there is no process for assessing the inventory of pedestrian facilities, planning pedestrian facilities at a region-wide level, or even identifying the location of vernacular pedestrian routes in low-income and informal areas. Provincial pedestrian planning focuses on piecemeal, symbolic spaces such as monumental plazas that serve the nation-building project, but overlooks the functional network of routes that address the daily needs of the city's residents. This dissertation examines the issue of walkability planning in Jakarta by investigating what matters to pedestrians and how pedestrian space is produced. The research employs mixed methods, including pedestrian network groundtruthing, structured streetscape observations, multimodal traffic counts, pedestrian activity mapping, pedestrian surveys and interviews with policy-makers. Data is analyzed through a combination of in-depth qualitative analysis as well as quantitative and statistical analysis. Based on this research, six key elements of walkability planning are proposed for Jakarta: multidisciplinarity, ethnography, accessibility, legibility, integrated activity, and shared streets. A literature review of walkability metrics reveals that walking is a highly multidisciplinary activity, with very different metrics emerging from different fields. In order to effectively encourage pedestrian activity, new multidisciplinary metrics should integrate the perspectives of all of these related disciplines and pedestrian planning should occur through inter-agency coordination. In Jakarta, interviews with policy-makers suggested that pedestrian planning is hindered by the fact that there is no lead agency for pedestrian planning, and there is a lack of cooperation between the different agencies that plan and produce urban public space. Pedestrian planning is also hindered by a discursive framework that is both modally and geographically biased—favoring motorized, long-distance modes of transportation and employing method derived from a Western research and planning norms. In order to overcome this discursive bias, ethnography should become a standard part of urban research, planning and design. The need for ethnography and qualitative analysis was made visible by the mismatch between standard transportation terminology, and prevailing practices observed in pedestrian mapping exercises and raised by pedestrians in on-the street interviews. For example, standard survey categories do not account for informal or integrated activity patterns like mobile street vending. From surveys conducted with mobile street vendors, it was difficult to separate their pedestrian activities into categories of travel from home to work, business-related travel, and visiting friends and relatives. In fact, it was difficult to even separate their travel from their activities since many vendors carried out business as they made their way through the neighborhood. With a large portion of the population engaged in the informal sector, the discrepancy between assumed and actual behavior severely compromises the quality of transportation-related research that is conducted in Jakarta and many other majority world cities. Ethnographic and qualitative research methods may therefore assist in producing more context-sensitive planning data and outcomes. These context-sensitive methods could include new analytical methods that focus on integrated activity, rather than trip-based or activity-based analysis. In relation to pedestrian activity, context-sensitive planning encompasses new approaches to accessibility that combine the notion of transportation accessibility with disabled access and universal access standards. The need for such an approach was revealed during interviews with policy-makers, who described accessibility in terms of market goods rather than human rights. Within the market for urban public space, ordinary pedestrians were unable to compete with other modes of transportation; within the market for urban impressions, ordinary pedestrian spaces were outcompeted by prominent, symbolic spaces; and within the market for cultural capital, ordinary pedestrians were excluded from planning processes because even the discourse of pedestrian planning was inaccessible to regular residents. In response to this problem of exclusion, integrated accessibility may facilitate inclusion in both planning processes and urban spaces within the city. In particular, integrated accessibility would aim to provide comprehensive routes of travel for all pedestrians, rather than isolated pockets of so-called accessible (yet unreachable) facilities. More context sensitive planning would also be facilitated through greater legibility of fine-grained and vernacular pedestrian networks that were missing from standard planning maps. These fine-grained networks represent highly connected facilities that serve much of Jakarta's pedestrian transportation task. While the current synoptic illegibility of these areas may conveniently allow some communities to avoid state intrusion, it also means that low-income populations are chronically under-served with respect to basic urban planning and services. Increased legibility therefore allows for improvement and maintenance of urban systems like safe, functional pedestrian networks, and it may also play a role in increasing tenure security for Jakarta's significant floating population. In many of these vernacular spaces, new street design approaches would also benefit pedestrians, who tend to use the streets as shared spaces, rather than spaces that are rigidly segregated by mode. Pedestrian activity mapping revealed that only an overwhelming majority of pedestrians used streets as hybrid spaces, with activity types falling into the categories of surface sensitive, risk-averse, distance-minimizing and stationary pedestrians. More realistic shared street designs would therefore accommodate —rather than ignore—the types of activities that occur along Jakartan streets. Design standards for "great streets" in Jakarta would also emphasize the safe sharing of streets through self-enforcing approaches to speed limits, and the integration of various urban elements like drainage, mobility and public-private interaction. While walkability planning in Jakarta displays many "wicked problem" features, there is much that can be done to improve, if not resolve, conditions for pedestrians within the region. Recommended strategies for walkability planning in Jakarta include a regional walkability plan and environmental policy developed using participatory planning, reformed governance and institutional arrangements, and a constituency building approach. The strategies also include expansion of road designations and an integrated accessibility strategy that draws upon new data sources from a WikiPlaces network map, an integrated activity study and pedestrian network cost-benefit analysis. In addition to Jakarta specific proposals, a number of proposals are made to advance discourse on walkability more generally. These approaches include decentered analysis of integrated activity, informal economic activity analysis, vernacular placemaking and Asian shared street design. Pedestrians and pedestrian plans traverse diverse physical, administrative and disciplinary spaces in cities of the world. Integrated and multidisciplinary approaches are therefore required to understand and accommodate these key users of public space. In Jakarta, walkability planning has potential to improve urban transportation efficiency while contributing to traffic safety, economic vitality, environmental quality and democratic governance. Successful walkability planning in Jakarta may also provide a model for planning in other cities where Western models of planning are unrealistic, inequitable and inappropriate. Jakartan lessons on walkability planning are particularly relevant, and improvements in walkability are particularly powerful, for cities characterized by relatively low median incomes, high land use densities, a substantial informal sector, rapid urbanization and rapid motorization. By improving walkability planning in Jakarta and other cities of the majority world, policy-makers and planners can move toward more sustainable, socially equitable and efficient cities.

Walking is the main mode of transportation for many of the world's people, particularly those in cities of the majority world. In the metropolitan region of Jakarta, walking in the public realm constitutes the main transportation mode for almost 40 percent of trips--a massive contribution to urban mobility. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive planning for pedestrians in an analogous manner to other modes of transportation. Pedestrian facilities are often dilapidated, damaged, dangerous, or missing completely. Additionally, there is no process for assessing the inventory of pedestrian facilities, planning pedestrian facilities at a region-wide level, or even identifying the location of vernacular pedestrian routes in low-income and informal areas. Provincial pedestrian planning focuses on piecemeal, symbolic spaces such as monumental plazas that serve the nation-building project, but overlooks the functional network of routes that address the daily needs of the city's residents. This dissertation examines the issue of walkability planning in Jakarta by investigating what matters to pedestrians and how pedestrian space is produced. The research employs mixed methods, including pedestrian network groundtruthing, structured streetscape observations, multimodal traffic counts, pedestrian activity mapping, pedestrian surveys and interviews with policy-makers. Data is analyzed through a combination of in-depth qualitative analysis as well as quantitative and statistical analysis. Based on this research, six key elements of walkability planning are proposed for Jakarta: multidisciplinarity, ethnography, accessibility, legibility, integrated activity, and shared streets. A literature review of walkability metrics reveals that walking is a highly multidisciplinary activity, with very different metrics emerging from different fields. In order to effectively encourage pedestrian activity, new multidisciplinary metrics should integrate the perspectives of all of these related disciplines and pedestrian planning should occur through inter-agency coordination. In Jakarta, interviews with policy-makers suggested that pedestrian planning is hindered by the fact that there is no lead agency for pedestrian planning, and there is a lack of cooperation between the different agencies that plan and produce urban public space. Pedestrian planning is also hindered by a discursive framework that is both modally and geographically biased--favoring motorized, long-distance modes of transportation and employing method derived from a Western research and planning norms. In order to overcome this discursive bias, ethnography should become a standard part of urban research, planning and design. The need for ethnography and qualitative analysis was made visible by the mismatch between standard transportation terminology, and prevailing practices observed in pedestrian mapping exercises and raised by pedestrians in on-the-street interviews. For example, standard survey categories do not account for informal or integrated activity patterns like mobile street vending. From surveys conducted with mobile street vendors, it was difficult to separate their pedestrian activities into categories of travel from home to work, business-related travel, and visiting friends and relatives. In fact, it was difficult to even separate their travel from their activities since many vendors carried out business as they made their way through the neighborhood. With a large portion of the population engaged in the informal sector, the discrepancy between assumed and actual behavior severely compromises the quality of transportation-related research that is conducted in Jakarta and many other majority world cities. Ethnographic and qualitative research methods may therefore assist in producing more context-sensitive planning data and outcomes. These context-sensitive methods could include new analytical methods that focus on integrated activity, rather than trip-based or activity-based analysis. In relation to pedestrian activity, context-sensitive planning encompasses new approaches to accessibility that combine the notion of transportation accessibility with disabled access and universal access standards. The need for such an approach was revealed during interviews with policy-makers, who described accessibility in terms of market goods rather than human rights. Within the market for urban public space, ordinary pedestrians were unable to compete with other modes of transportation; within the market for urban impressions, ordinary pedestrian spaces were outcompeted by prominent, symbolic spaces; and within the market for cultural capital, ordinary pedestrians were excluded from planning processes because even the discourse of pedestrian planning was inaccessible to regular residents. In response to this problem of exclusion, integrated accessibility may facilitate inclusion in both planning processes and urban spaces within the city. In particular, integrated accessibility would aim to provide comprehensive routes of travel for all pedestrians, rather than isolated pockets of so-called accessible (yet unreachable) facilities. More context sensitive planning would also be facilitated through greater legibility of fine-grained and vernacular pedestrian networks that were missing from standard planning maps. These fine-grained networks represent highly connected facilities that serve much of Jakarta's pedestrian transportation task. While the current synoptic illegibility of these areas may conveniently allow some communities to avoid state intrusion, it also means that low-income populations are chronically underserved with respect to basic urban planning and services. Increased legibility therefore allows for improvement and maintenance of urban systems like safe, functional pedestrian networks, and it may also play a role in increasing tenure security for Jakarta's significant floating population. In many of these vernacular spaces, new street design approaches would also benefit pedestrians, who tend to use the streets as shared spaces, rather than spaces that are rigidly segregated by mode. Pedestrian activity mapping revealed that only an overwhelming majority of pedestrians used streets as hybrid spaces, with activity types falling into the categories of surface-sensitive, risk-averse, distance-minimizing and stationary pedestrians. More realistic shared street designs would therefore accommodate--rather than ignore--the types of activities that occur along Jakartan streets. Design standards for "great streets" in Jakarta would also emphasize the safe sharing of streets through self-enforcing approaches to speed limits, and the integration of various urban elements like drainage, mobility and public-private interaction. While walkability planning in Jakarta displays many "wicked problem" features, there is much that can be done to improve, if not resolve, conditions for pedestrians within the region. Recommended strategies for walkability planning in Jakarta include a regional walkability plan and environmental policy developed using participatory planning, reformed governance and institutional arrangements, and a constituency building approach. The strategies also include expansion of road designations and an integrated accessibility strategy that draws upon new data sources from a WikiPlaces network map, an integrated activity study and pedestrian network cost-benefit analysis. In addition to Jakarta-specific proposals, a number of proposals are made to advance discourse on walkability more generally. These approaches include decentered analysis of integrated activity, informal economic activity analysis, vernacular placemaking and Asian shared street design. Pedestrians and pedestrian plans traverse diverse physical, administrative and disciplinary spaces in cities of the world. Integrated and multidisciplinary approaches are therefore required to understand and accommodate these key users of public space. In Jakarta, walkability planning has potential to improve urban transportation efficiency while contributing to traffic safety, economic vitality, environmental quality and democratic governance. Successful walkability planning in Jakarta may also provide a model for planning in other cities where Western models of planning are unrealistic, inequitable and inappropriate. Jakartan lessons on walkability planning are particularly relevant, and improvements in walkability are particularly powerful, for cities characterized by relatively low median incomes, high land use densities, a substantial informal sector, rapid urbanization and rapid motorization. By improving walkability planning in Jakarta and other cities of the majority world, policy-makers and planners can move toward more sustainable, socially equitable and efficient cities.

Currently biofuels have strong political support, both in the EU and Sweden. The EU has, for example, set a target for the use of renewable fuels in the transportation sector stating that all EU member states should use 10% renewable fuels for transport by 2020. Fulfilling this ambition will lead to an enormous market for biofuels during the coming decade. To avoid increasing production of biofuels based on agriculture crops that require considerable use of arable area, focus is now to move towards more advanced second generation (2G) biofuels that can be produced from biomass feedstocks associated with a more efficient land use. Climate benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances are aspects often discussed in conjunction with sustainability and biofuels. The total GHG emissions associated with production and usage of biofuels depend on the entire fuel production chain, mainly the agriculture or forestry feedstock systems and the manufacturing process. To compare different biofuel production pathways it is essential to conduct an environmental assessment using the well-to-tank (WTT) analysis methodology. In Sweden the conditions for biomass production are favourable and we have promising second generation biofuels technologies that are currently in the demonstration phase. In this study we have chosen to focus on cellulose based ethanol, methane from gasification of solid wood as well as DME from gasification of black liquor, with the purpose of identifying research and development potentials that may result in improvements in the WTT emission values. The main objective of this study is thus to identify research and development challenges for Swedish biofuel actors based on literature studies as well as discussions with the the researchers themselves. We have also discussed improvement potentials for the agriculture and forestry part of the WTT chain. The aim of this study is to, in the context of WTT analyses, (i) increase knowledge about the complexity of biofuel production, (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials, regarding energy efficiency and GHG emissions, for three biofuel production cases, as well as (iii) identify and discuss improvement potentials regarding biomass supply, including agriculture/forestry. The scope of the study is limited to discussing the technologies, system aspects and climate impacts associated with the production stage. Aspects such as the influence on biodiversity and other environmental and social parameters fall beyond the scope of this study. We find that improvement potentials for emissions reductions within the agriculture/forestry part of the WTT chain include changing the use of diesel to low-CO2-emitting fuels, changing to more fuel-efficient tractors, more efficient cultivation and manufacture of fertilizers (commercial nitrogen fertilizer can be produced in plants which have nitrous oxide gas cleaning) as well as improved fertilization strategies (more precise nitrogen application during the cropping season). Furthermore, the cultivation of annual feedstock crops could be avoided on land rich in carbon, such as peat soils and new agriculture systems could be introduced that lower the demand for ploughing and harrowing. Other options for improving the WTT emission values includes introducing new types of crops, such as wheat with higher content of starch or willow with a higher content of cellulose. From the case study on lignocellulosic ethanol we find that 2G ethanol, with co-production of biogas, electricity, heat and/or wood pellet, has a promising role to play in the development of sustainable biofuel production systems. Depending on available raw materials, heat sinks, demand for biogas as vehicle fuel and existing 1G ethanol plants suitable for integration, 2G ethanol production systems may be designed differently to optimize the economic conditions and maximize profitability. However, the complexity connected to the development of the most optimal production systems require improved knowledge and involvement of several actors from different competence areas, such as chemical and biochemical engineering, process design and integration and energy and environmental systems analysis, which may be a potential barrier. Three important results from the lignocellulosic ethanol study are: (i) the production systems could be far more complex and intelligently designed than previous studies show, (ii) the potential improvements consist of a large number of combinations of process integration options wich partly depends on specific local conditions, (iii) the environmental performance of individual systems may vary significantly due to systems design and local conditons. From the case study on gasification of solid biomass for the production of biomethane we find that one of the main advantages of this technology is its high efficiency in respect to converting biomass into fuels for transport. For future research we see a need for improvements within the gas up-grading section, including gas cleaning and gas conditioning, to obtain a more efficient process. A major challenge is to remove the tar before the methanation reaction. Three important results from the biomethane study are: (i) it is important not to crack the methane already produced in the syngas, which indicates a need for improved catalysts for selective tar cracking, (ii) there is a need for new gas separation techniques to facilitate the use of air oxidation agent instead of oxygen in the gasifier, and (iii) there is a need for testing the integrated process under realistic conditions, both at atmospheric and pressurized conditions. From the case study on black liquor gasification for the production of DME we find that the process has many advantages compared to other biofuel production options, such as the fact that black liquor is already partially processed and exists in a pumpable, liquid form, and that the process is pressurised and tightly integrated with the pulp mill, which enhances fuel production efficiency. However, to achieve commercial status, some challenges still remain, such as demonstrating that materials and plant equipment meet the high availability required when scaling up to industrial size in the pulp mill, and also proving that the plant can operate according to calculated heat and material balances. Three important results from the DME study are: (i) that modern chemical pulp mills, having a potential surplus of energy, could become important suppliers of renewable fuels for transport, (ii) there is a need to demonstrate that renewable DME/methanol will be proven to function in large scale, and (iii) there is still potential for technology improvements and enhanced energy integration. Although quantitative improvement potentials are given in the three biofuel production cases, it is not obvious how these potentials would affect WTT values, since the biofuel production processes are complex and changing one parameter impacts other parameters. The improvement potentials are therefore discussed qualitatively. From the entire study we have come to agree on the following common conclusions: (i) research and development in Sweden within the three studied 2G biofuel production technologies is extensive, (ii) in general, the processes, within the three cases, work well at pilot and demonstration scale and are now in a phase to be proven in large scale, (iii) there is still room for improvement although some processes have been known for decades, (iv) the biofuel production processes are complex and site specific and process improvements need to be seen and judged from a broad systems perspective (both within the production plant as well as in the entire well-to-tank perspective), and (v) the three studied biofuel production systems are complementary technologies. Futher, the process of conducting this study is worth mentioning as a result itself, i.e. that many different actors within the field have proven their ability and willingness to contribute to a common report, and that the cooperation climate was very positive and bodes well for possible future collaboration within the framework of the f3 center. Finally, judging from the political ambitions it is clear that the demand for renewable fuels will significantly increase during the coming decade. This will most likely result in opportunities for a range of biofuel options. The studied biofuel options all represent 2G biofuels and they can all be part of the solution to meet the increased renewable fuel demand.

1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: "XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias" (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR'S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: "The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity". Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&R (Theories & Realities in Translation & wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): "Traduire/écrire la science aujourd'hui - Translating/Writing Science Today" Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: "The International Conference of Journals and Translation", Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming(颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu(李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: "Translation in Music" Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: "The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation", "CULTUS Journal" www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : "Transcreation and the Professions" Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O'Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O'Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled "Research models and methods in legal translation". It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) & Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol'kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel'cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl & Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library
(BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski & Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l'analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014
May 26 – June 6, 2014
San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus
Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy

"Translation as Interpretation"
This year marks the Nida School's eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

We present measurements of the redshift-dependent clustering of a DESI-like luminous red galaxy (LRG) sample selected from the Legacy Survey imaging data set, and use the halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework to fit the clustering signal. The photometric LRG sample in this study contains 2.7 million objects over the redshift range of 0.4 < z < 0.9 over 5655 deg2. We have developed new photometric redshift (photo-z) estimates using the Legacy Survey DECam and WISE photometry, with σNMAD = 0.02 precision for LRGs. We compute the projected correlation function using new methods that maximize signal-to-noise ratio while incorporating redshift uncertainties. We present a novel algorithm for dividing irregular survey geometries into equal-area patches for jackknife resampling. For a five-parameter HOD model fit using the MultiDark halo catalogue, we find that there is little evolution in HOD parameters except at the highest redshifts. The inferred large-scale structure bias is largely consistent with constant clustering amplitude over time. In an appendix, we explore limitations of Markov chain Monte Carlo fitting using stochastic likelihood estimates resulting from applying HOD methods to N-body catalogues, and present a new technique for finding best-fitting parameters in this situation. Accompanying this paper, we have released the Photometric Redshifts for the Legacy Surveys catalogue of photo-z's obtained by applying the methods used in this work to the full Legacy Survey Data Release 8 data set. This catalogue provides accurate photometric redshifts for objects with z < 21 over more than 16 000 deg2 of sky. © 2020 The Author(s), Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society ; The authors would like to thank Hee-Jong Seo, Jeremy Tinker, and Gustavo Niz for their feedback on the draft and useful discussions. RZ and JANwere supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics via grant DE-SC0007914. RZalso is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office ofHigh Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123. Support for YYM was provided by the Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Center through the Samuel P. Langley PITT PACC Postdoctoral Fellowship, and by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HST-HF2-51441.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. JM gratefully acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-1616414 and DOE grant DE-SC0020086. ADM was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award Number DE-SC0019022. ARZ was funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through grants AST 1516266 and AST 1517563. DYT thanks Prof. Steve Ahlen for his mentorship and support and acknowledges the generous support by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, grant No. DE-SC0015628. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences underContract No. AST-0950945 to the National Optical Astronomy Observatory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic EnergyCommission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honoured to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham Nation. The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; NOAO Proposal ID #2014B-0404; PIs: David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; NOAO Proposal ID #2015A-0801; PIs: Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and theMayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; NOAOProposal ID #2016A-0453; PI: Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS, and MzLS together include data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO); the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOAO. The Legacy Surveys project is honoured to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham Nation. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico and the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University. BASS is a key project of the Telescope Access Program (TAP), which has been funded by the National Astronomical Observatories of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (the Strategic Priority Research Program 'The Emergence of Cosmological Structures' Grant #XDB09000000), and the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance. The BASS is also supported by the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant #114A11KYSB20160057), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant #11433005). The Legacy Survey team makes use of data products from the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. NEOWISE is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Legacy Surveys imaging of the DESI footprint is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; and by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to NOAO. Funding for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey has been provided by NSF grants AST-95-09298, AST-0071048, AST-0507428, and AST-0507483 as well as NASA LTSA grant NNG04GC89G. Funding for the DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey has been provided by NSF grants AST-0808133, AST-0807630, and AST-0806732. Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, theU.S. Department ofEnergy, theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Funding for the SloanDigital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. GAMA is a joint European-Australasian project based around a spectroscopic campaign using the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The GAMA input catalogue is based on data taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey. Complementary imaging of the GAMA regions is being obtained by a number of independent survey programmes including GALEX MIS, VST KiDS, VISTA VIKING, WISE, Herschel-ATLAS, GMRT and ASKAP providing UV to radio coverage. GAMA is funded by the STFC (UK), the ARC (Australia), the AAO, and the participating institutions. The GAMA website is http://www.gama-survey.org/.This paper uses data from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). VIPERS has been performed using the ESO Very Large Telescope, under the `Large Programme' 182.A-0886. The participating institutions and funding agencies are listed at http://vipers.inaf.it.This research uses data from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey, obtained from the VVDS database operated by Cesam, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

Nowadays electric propulsion has become a valid alternative to mechanical propulsion for large ships that require high speed. The electric propulsion advantages are well known and widely documented in the literature: higher dynamic performance of the electric propulsion motors; internal combustion engines separation from shafts; increased flexibility in space/zones subdivision; increased efficiency through the modulation of number of running generators; noise and vibration reduction; increasing in automation, with a consequent crew reduction. The use of electric propulsion along with the progressive increase, in number and power, in electrical loads used for ship services, led to the development of the All Electric Ship (AES) concept. Over the last years, the All Electric Ships (AESs) concept has begun to be adopted by the most important Navies, principally by the U.S. Navy, giving a boost to the technological research. An AES is a ship where all onboard electrical loads (including propulsion) are powered by a single electrical system, called Integrated Electrical System (IPS). The IPS requires careful design and management in order to ensure both high Power Quality standard and the continuity of the service. With the technological progress, the shipboard electrical systems have changed considerably, rising from few MW of installed power to values of the order of hundred MW, both in cruises and military ships. Especially in military vessels, considering the number of special devices that are present on board (weapon systems, communication equipment, radar, sonar, and missile guidance systems), a performing and reliable electrical systems is required. Moreover, it is necessary to notice that some of the new electrical pulsed loads specific to military applications (e.g. radar, electromagnetic launchers, etc.) together with electric drives for propulsion engines can cause strong disturbances to the system, thus causing the malfunction of other electric utilities that may endanger the continuity of the service. The penetration of power electronics converters is the main issue for the contribution of harmonic distortion in AC grids, which must be limited not to increase system power losses, and to allow the correct operation of system and user devices. Standards dictate the maximum admissible values of the total voltage harmonic distortion and of the individual harmonics amplitudes, as a function of the rated system voltage. The relatively limited short-circuit power available on board also exposes the IPS to significant voltage sags and flickers caused by switching and/or intermittent loads. In this scenario, DC electrical distribution systems can be very attractive, thanks to their intrinsic immunity to harmonic problems. If DC micro-grids are interfaced to AC networks by means of Front End Converters (FECs), both AC/DC grid decoupling and considerable AC-side harmonic distortion reduction can be achieved. In addition, they simplify the power supply of converter-fed loads and the interfacing of storage systems. The latter can perform several tasks, including ensuring power supply in case of AC grid loss, peak-shaving and levelling pulsating loads further improving both the quality and the continuity of supply to DC islands loads. In the light of the above, it is evident that the electric power system is of primary importance for a modern ship. Moreover, if high-performance is required, careful analysis of the disturbances in the power system is mandatory. In fact, in order to achieve a reliable and performing power system, together with a high-Power Quality, it is necessary to assess this situation and propose guidelines to be observed for the solution of various problems. The definition and evaluation of possible IPS architectures should take into account AC/DC protection devices in order to carry out an integrated analysis of the system. Different MVAC/MVDC electrical distribution layouts coupling with all-electric or hybrid propulsion (electric/diesel/gas turbine) needs to be accurately investigated to show its advantages in terms of reliability, safety and quality of power. The thesis focusses on the Naval Smart Grid (NaSG) research project completed in partnership with the University of Trieste and the Polytechnic University of Milan. The aim of the research is to produce useful results for the design of a new ship, equipped with the following innovative features: modular power system; subsystem flexible integration; efficiency improvement; security improvement; new weapon systems; survivability improvement and high Power Quality standard. The main focus was the study of methodologies/solutions able to improve and define the onboard Power Quality (PQ). The research project reports Power Quality analysis about aspects of continuity of service, harmonic disturbances, pulsed power loads impact on the system, electromechanical transient evaluation and use of power and energy storage systems. An exhaustive investigation was carried out on system architectures in frequency domain to identify resonances and non-linear loads to detect disturbance frequencies. Moreover, the guidelines for the correct coordination of all the elements of the power system design affecting system performance (protections, converters, control systems, energy storage systems, etc.) are reported. A brief abstract for each Chapter is reported. Chapter 1 and 2 - Overview of Electrical Naval Systems and Integrated Power System in Military Ships The chapter reports the complete state of the art on naval electrical system and a brief description of naval classification, showing technological improvements and historical evolution. Details about electric propulsion, electrical generation on board, energy distribution and network layout are carried out. A complete description of the main IPS military ships with their own architecture and features is reported. Chapter 3 - Methodologies for Harmonic Disturbances Analysis and Power Quality (Service Continuity) In the field of Power quality (harmonic content, asymmetries, voltage sags, power factor), methodologies applied for the analysis/detection of harmonic disturbances are reported with an overview of electrical systems dependability in order to evaluate the service continuity of the system. Harmonic distortion could affect equipment on shipboard causing its outages, consequently, in an island system, power distribution network should ensure high re-configurability after faults, damage or untimely switch off. However, the increased interest in system's safety and resilience generates, in turn, an increase in design burden necessary to analyze the consequences of faults and demonstrate the system's compliance with the relevant regulations. The chapter presents the models and calculation code used for simulation activities. A Simulink model for time domain analysis and for time varying non-linear load, as well as a Fortran model for harmonic domain are described. Chapter 4 and 5 - Characterization of a military aircraft carrier and Aircraft Cavour – Measurement campaign A measurement campaign onboard the ship Cavour was carried out with the aim to characterize the relevant electric loads on board military vessel and to validate the models of the system's components to be used. The analysis of data collected, allows to model the behavior of loads in terms of time and frequency domains, thus permitting their use for the required studies. Some specific electrical loads, such as new electrically pulsed loads specific for military applications (e.g. radar, electromagnetic launchers, etc.) with high distorted current absorption were identified. Their characterization was carried out in order to define their contribution to harmonic disturbances and their impact on the network. A model validation based on a measurement campaign is carried out. Chapter 6 - A New layout for an Integrated Power System Naval Unit-All Electric/Hybrid Different IPS architectures are defined: a full MVAC (Medium Voltage Alternate Current) power system, a hybrid MVAC plus MVDC/LVDC islands (Medium/Low Voltage Direct Current) and a MVAC 50-60 Hz, with a hybrid (electric/diesel/gas turbine) propulsion. In the architecture of the latter, the power of the installed engines is much lower than the first two cases. Chapter 7 - Network Equivalents in Harmonic Domain The needs to easily represent a complex network with high accuracy, lead to the development of a methodology based on aggregation of loads, creating a simplified network to carry out harmonic analysis. Different equivalent network models have been proposed that show their accuracy, through network impedances, and compare them with the overall representation of the network. The influence of cables was also studied. The best radial equivalent network was identified. Chapter 8 - Harmonic Analysis In order to propose appropriate solutions designed to improve power quality, the study of system impedance and power systems in frequency domain were studied. This analysis, carried out on the basis of the schematics and data load obtained in cooperation with the IT Navy, revealed some criticalities in the frequency range for both the systems architectures. As to full MVAC (Medium Voltage Alternate Current) power system and hybrid MVAC plus MVDC/LVDC islands, the aim was to evaluate whether or not the inclusion of capacitors (on shore, for power factor correction in shore connections) or filters (onboard, to reduce harmonic disturbances produced by propulsion systems) cause special issues, because of the high power of installed propulsion engines. Moreover, the advantages of DC island on electrical distribution in order to ensure high reliability and quality of service, in addition to the need to increase the efficiency of the ships' power systems are highlighted. For the MVAC 50-60 Hz layout, the goal is to show how the use of hybrid (electric/diesel/gas turbine) propulsion where the power of engines is significantly reduced as compared to previous cases could solve some issues relating to power quality aspects. Chapter 9 - Reliability Analysis Preliminary studies about dependability, re-configurability and some top-events relevant for the vessel, were evaluated for all electric MVAC/MVAC "hybrid" models. The analysis of electrical disconnection of load areas due to a fault or an untimely tripping of the switches caused by harmonic disturbances was carried out. Chapter 10 - Three-Phase Short Circuit Analysis For MVAC 50-60 Hz Layout Preliminary evaluations were performed by analyzing the system within the perspective of given faults to perform system analysis in both permanent and short-circuit conditions. To highlight possible protection issues, the steady state condition and the three-phase short-circuit faults were studied and simulated under different load conditions for the MVAC architecture plus rotary converters, with hybrid (electric/diesel/gas turbine) propulsion.

Why are motion pictures often attributed to authors – or "filmmakers" – while dozens of names and occupations appear in film credits? Following Foucault's definition of authorship as a form of appropriation, this dissertation focuses on copyright law and authorship battles in order to explain the origins and existence of film authors. Rather than considering authors as the individuals who "make" movies or as a fiction overshadowing the collective nature of filmmaking, I show that the attribution of films to authors is the result of the division of filmmaking labor and its power relations. This research uses a sociohistorical perspective and a transnational approach centered on the United States and France, where film authors are not granted the same authorship rights. It sheds light on the national, international and transnational dimensions of the appropriation of motion pictures. This study starts when film authors first appeared in copyright law: as early as the 1900s.The first part of this dissertation focuses on the writing of motion pictures' property rights from the birth of cinema to the passing of the French copyright law of 1957 and of the Copyright Act of 1976. After decades of battles, these laws provided different definitions of film authors and granted them with different property rights. Using legal publications, congressional records and reports, as well as film journals, I study French and American laws as the results of a codification process shaped by preexisting law and by the cooperation and power relations between lawyers, public officials, politicians and film organizations. A study of the revisions of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works also show the interdependency between national and international norms of film authorship and copyright law.The second part of the dissertation study the appropriation of motion pictures as a social relation based on the division of filmmaking labor and social labor. Film authorship battles which started in the 1910s contributed to the creation of professional hierarchies and to the differentiation of film value from other forms of economic and artistic value. I use various writings of film professionals, along with other sources, to show that film authorship was shaped by various aspects of film production, dissemination and reception (including the power relations between film professionals, the diversity of film careers and the uses of authors' names by film critics and audiences). To study the division of filmmaking labor, I use Pierre Bourdieu's research on cultural fields, Howard Becker's work on art worlds as well as scholarship on professions. The dissertation also shows that the professional hierarchies of motion picture production interrelate with various forms of domination common to other fields. For example, gender helped to establish and legitimate hierarchies between professions and occupations, to distribute film labor and to exclude women from dominant professions. Film production also generated huge economic inequalities which nurtured authorship battles and rose the prestige of authors. Lastly, I show that film authorship was influenced by transnational circulations of movies, workers and ideas, by the asymmetries of the international film market and by film nationalism. To study the international division of filmmaking labor, I use world-systems theory, research on translations and quantitative data.The third part of the dissertation focuses on film directors and their copyright battles since the 1960s. Film directors took part in the negotiations of bargaining agreements, the French copyright law of 1985, the ratification of the Berne Convention by the United States and various laws sanctioning "internet piracy" (such as HADOPI law and the SOPA law). In these legal battles, film directors claimed to be authors in order to be granted with rights fostering their power, recognition and earnings. The legal claims were denounced by other filmmakers who challenged film authorship, copyright law and the interests of dominant film companies. Using the concept of field, biographical data, network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis, I explain that the alliances and oppositions of filmmakers in copyright battles were shaped by their professional careers. I study the political representation of film directors by members and leaders of their professional organizations. I conducted dozens of interviews to understand the points of views of French filmmakers on their property rights and on economic inequalities between film professionals. I show that their points of view vary according to their incomes and positions in the filmmaking field.This dissertation is meant to be useful for scholars interested in the history of copyright law, motion pictures, authorship, the division of (artistic) labor, professions and transnational approaches. ; Pourquoi les films de cinéma sont-ils souvent attribués à des auteurs alors même que leurs génériques énumèrent des dizaines de noms propres et de noms de métiers ? A la suite de Michel Foucault et de sa définition de la « fonction-auteur » comme forme d'appropriation des discours, cette thèse étudie la genèse et l'existence des auteurs de films au prisme des luttes de définition de leurs droits de propriété. Plutôt que de considérer les auteurs de cinéma comme ceux qui « font » les films ou comme une fiction occultant le caractère collectif de leur fabrication, elle montre que les auteurs sont les produits d'une division du travail cinématographique et des rapports de domination qui la traversent. Ce travail, inscrit dans une perspective de sociologie historique, adopte un référentiel binational centré sur la France et les Etats-Unis, où les auteurs de films ne disposent pas des mêmes droits. Il vise à objectiver les dimensions nationales, internationales et transnationales de l'appropriation des films. La période étudiée débute au moment où des personnes et des groupes ont été définis juridiquement comme des auteurs de cinéma : dès les années 1900.La première partie de ce texte est consacrée à la définition du droit de propriété des films depuis l'émergence du cinéma jusqu'à l'adoption de la loi du 11 mars 1957 et du Copyright Act de 1976. Après des décennies de débats, ces lois ont défini différemment l'identité et les droits des auteurs de films. A partir de publications juridiques, cinématographiques et parlementaires, on étudie ces lois comme les résultats d'un travail de codification structuré par des normes préexistantes et par les relations entre les acteurs qui ont participé à leur rédaction. Le développement du droit de propriété cinématographique est à la fois la cause et la conséquence de la constitution d'un espace de négociation regroupant des professionnels du droit, des hauts fonctionnaires, des professionnels de la politique et des organisations professionnelles du cinéma, dont certaines se sont constituées dans le but de défendre le statut d'auteur de leurs membres. La thèse montre ce que les normes du droit de propriété cinématographique français et américain doivent aux savoir-faire et concurrences entre des experts du droit de propriété intellectuelle, ainsi qu'aux relations entre des organisations professionnelles inégalement dotées en ressources économiques, juridiques et politiques. En examinant les révisions de la Convention de Berne, on analyse les interdépendances entre les processus de définition des normes nationales et internationales de la propriété des films. La deuxième partie de la thèse prolonge et dépasse l'étude du droit de propriété en analysant l'appropriation des films comme une relation structurée par la division du travail cinématographique et social. Les luttes de définition de l'auteur de film qui ont débuté dans les années 1910 ont contribué à la hiérarchisation du personnel cinématographique et à la différenciation de la valeur cinématographique par rapport à d'autres formes de valeur économique et artistique. Des témoignages, autobiographies et publications cinématographiques permettent de montrer que l'attribution des films à des auteurs dépend de diverses relations de production, de diffusion et de valorisation des films, comme la répartition des tâches et du pouvoir entre le personnel, les incertitudes et inégalités qui structurent les trajectoires des prétendants au statut d'auteur et les vertus cognitives et distinctives de la fonction-auteur employée par les critiques et une fraction des spectateurs. On mobilise pour cela les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sur les champs de production culturelle, d'Howard Becker sur les mondes de l'art et d'autres recherches sur les professions et artistiques et non-artistiques. En outre, la thèse constate que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma se sont construites à l'intersection de rapports de domination communs à différents domaines d'activité. Par exemple, le genre a servi à hiérarchiser les groupes professionnels, à répartir le travail cinématographique et à exclure les femmes de certains métiers du cinéma. Le cinéma a produit d'immenses inégalités de richesse qui ont attisées les luttes de définition de l'auteur et accru le prestige de certains métiers. La thèse explique également ce que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma doivent à des échanges transnationaux, des concurrences internationales et aux nationalismes et universalismes cinématographiques. A cette fin, elle objective les asymétries de la division internationale du travail cinématographique, à l'aide des concepts de centre et de périphérie employés par la théorie des systèmes-monde, de travaux sur les échanges internationaux de biens culturels et de données sur les palmarès de festivals internationaux et la production et les échanges de films.La troisième partie est centrée sur les cinéastes et leur mobilisation autour du droit de propriété des films depuis les années 1960. En négociant des conventions collectives, la loi du 3 juillet 1985 sur le droit d'auteur, l'adhésion des Etats-Unis à la Convention de Berne et des lois réprimant les pratiques dites de téléchargement illégal (comme les lois HADOPI et SOPA), des réalisateurs, des réalisatrices et leurs organisations ont fait valoir le statut d'auteur pour obtenir ou défendre des droits censés accroître leur pouvoir, leur reconnaissance et leurs revenus. Leurs revendications ont été dénoncées par des cinéastes remettant en cause la notion d'auteur, la propriété des œuvres et/ou les intérêts d'entreprises dominantes. Les alliances et divisions des cinéastes français sont rapportées à leurs trajectoires cinématographiques grâce au concept de champ et à des données prosopographiques traitées en combinant les méthodes de l'analyse des correspondances multiples et de l'analyse de réseaux. La thèse étudie la division du travail de représentation des cinéastes entre des professionnels plus ou moins connus et reconnus, des militants et des dirigeants de sociétés d'auteurs. Sur la base d'entretiens et d'observations, on observe les points de vue des cinéastes français sur leurs droits de propriété et sur la répartition de l'argent entre les groupes professionnels du cinéma. Ces points de vue varient en fonction des positions des cinéastes dans la division du travail cinématographique, dans le champ du cinéma et dans des hiérarchies économiques, objectivées à l'aide de données statistiques.Ce travail s'adresse ainsi aux personnes intéressées par l'histoire du droit d'auteur, du copyright, du cinéma, de ses auteurs et de leurs modes de production ; aux personnes réfléchissant à la division, la hiérarchisation et l'appropriation du travail artistique ou non-artistique ; aux personnes intéressées par les approches transnationales.

Why are motion pictures often attributed to authors – or "filmmakers" – while dozens of names and occupations appear in film credits? Following Foucault's definition of authorship as a form of appropriation, this dissertation focuses on copyright law and authorship battles in order to explain the origins and existence of film authors. Rather than considering authors as the individuals who "make" movies or as a fiction overshadowing the collective nature of filmmaking, I show that the attribution of films to authors is the result of the division of filmmaking labor and its power relations. This research uses a sociohistorical perspective and a transnational approach centered on the United States and France, where film authors are not granted the same authorship rights. It sheds light on the national, international and transnational dimensions of the appropriation of motion pictures. This study starts when film authors first appeared in copyright law: as early as the 1900s.The first part of this dissertation focuses on the writing of motion pictures' property rights from the birth of cinema to the passing of the French copyright law of 1957 and of the Copyright Act of 1976. After decades of battles, these laws provided different definitions of film authors and granted them with different property rights. Using legal publications, congressional records and reports, as well as film journals, I study French and American laws as the results of a codification process shaped by preexisting law and by the cooperation and power relations between lawyers, public officials, politicians and film organizations. A study of the revisions of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works also show the interdependency between national and international norms of film authorship and copyright law.The second part of the dissertation study the appropriation of motion pictures as a social relation based on the division of filmmaking labor and social labor. Film authorship battles which started in the 1910s contributed to the creation of professional hierarchies and to the differentiation of film value from other forms of economic and artistic value. I use various writings of film professionals, along with other sources, to show that film authorship was shaped by various aspects of film production, dissemination and reception (including the power relations between film professionals, the diversity of film careers and the uses of authors' names by film critics and audiences). To study the division of filmmaking labor, I use Pierre Bourdieu's research on cultural fields, Howard Becker's work on art worlds as well as scholarship on professions. The dissertation also shows that the professional hierarchies of motion picture production interrelate with various forms of domination common to other fields. For example, gender helped to establish and legitimate hierarchies between professions and occupations, to distribute film labor and to exclude women from dominant professions. Film production also generated huge economic inequalities which nurtured authorship battles and rose the prestige of authors. Lastly, I show that film authorship was influenced by transnational circulations of movies, workers and ideas, by the asymmetries of the international film market and by film nationalism. To study the international division of filmmaking labor, I use world-systems theory, research on translations and quantitative data.The third part of the dissertation focuses on film directors and their copyright battles since the 1960s. Film directors took part in the negotiations of bargaining agreements, the French copyright law of 1985, the ratification of the Berne Convention by the United States and various laws sanctioning "internet piracy" (such as HADOPI law and the SOPA law). In these legal battles, film directors claimed to be authors in order to be granted with rights fostering their power, recognition and earnings. The legal claims were denounced by other filmmakers who challenged film authorship, copyright law and the interests of dominant film companies. Using the concept of field, biographical data, network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis, I explain that the alliances and oppositions of filmmakers in copyright battles were shaped by their professional careers. I study the political representation of film directors by members and leaders of their professional organizations. I conducted dozens of interviews to understand the points of views of French filmmakers on their property rights and on economic inequalities between film professionals. I show that their points of view vary according to their incomes and positions in the filmmaking field.This dissertation is meant to be useful for scholars interested in the history of copyright law, motion pictures, authorship, the division of (artistic) labor, professions and transnational approaches. ; Pourquoi les films de cinéma sont-ils souvent attribués à des auteurs alors même que leurs génériques énumèrent des dizaines de noms propres et de noms de métiers ? A la suite de Michel Foucault et de sa définition de la « fonction-auteur » comme forme d'appropriation des discours, cette thèse étudie la genèse et l'existence des auteurs de films au prisme des luttes de définition de leurs droits de propriété. Plutôt que de considérer les auteurs de cinéma comme ceux qui « font » les films ou comme une fiction occultant le caractère collectif de leur fabrication, elle montre que les auteurs sont les produits d'une division du travail cinématographique et des rapports de domination qui la traversent. Ce travail, inscrit dans une perspective de sociologie historique, adopte un référentiel binational centré sur la France et les Etats-Unis, où les auteurs de films ne disposent pas des mêmes droits. Il vise à objectiver les dimensions nationales, internationales et transnationales de l'appropriation des films. La période étudiée débute au moment où des personnes et des groupes ont été définis juridiquement comme des auteurs de cinéma : dès les années 1900.La première partie de ce texte est consacrée à la définition du droit de propriété des films depuis l'émergence du cinéma jusqu'à l'adoption de la loi du 11 mars 1957 et du Copyright Act de 1976. Après des décennies de débats, ces lois ont défini différemment l'identité et les droits des auteurs de films. A partir de publications juridiques, cinématographiques et parlementaires, on étudie ces lois comme les résultats d'un travail de codification structuré par des normes préexistantes et par les relations entre les acteurs qui ont participé à leur rédaction. Le développement du droit de propriété cinématographique est à la fois la cause et la conséquence de la constitution d'un espace de négociation regroupant des professionnels du droit, des hauts fonctionnaires, des professionnels de la politique et des organisations professionnelles du cinéma, dont certaines se sont constituées dans le but de défendre le statut d'auteur de leurs membres. La thèse montre ce que les normes du droit de propriété cinématographique français et américain doivent aux savoir-faire et concurrences entre des experts du droit de propriété intellectuelle, ainsi qu'aux relations entre des organisations professionnelles inégalement dotées en ressources économiques, juridiques et politiques. En examinant les révisions de la Convention de Berne, on analyse les interdépendances entre les processus de définition des normes nationales et internationales de la propriété des films. La deuxième partie de la thèse prolonge et dépasse l'étude du droit de propriété en analysant l'appropriation des films comme une relation structurée par la division du travail cinématographique et social. Les luttes de définition de l'auteur de film qui ont débuté dans les années 1910 ont contribué à la hiérarchisation du personnel cinématographique et à la différenciation de la valeur cinématographique par rapport à d'autres formes de valeur économique et artistique. Des témoignages, autobiographies et publications cinématographiques permettent de montrer que l'attribution des films à des auteurs dépend de diverses relations de production, de diffusion et de valorisation des films, comme la répartition des tâches et du pouvoir entre le personnel, les incertitudes et inégalités qui structurent les trajectoires des prétendants au statut d'auteur et les vertus cognitives et distinctives de la fonction-auteur employée par les critiques et une fraction des spectateurs. On mobilise pour cela les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sur les champs de production culturelle, d'Howard Becker sur les mondes de l'art et d'autres recherches sur les professions et artistiques et non-artistiques. En outre, la thèse constate que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma se sont construites à l'intersection de rapports de domination communs à différents domaines d'activité. Par exemple, le genre a servi à hiérarchiser les groupes professionnels, à répartir le travail cinématographique et à exclure les femmes de certains métiers du cinéma. Le cinéma a produit d'immenses inégalités de richesse qui ont attisées les luttes de définition de l'auteur et accru le prestige de certains métiers. La thèse explique également ce que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma doivent à des échanges transnationaux, des concurrences internationales et aux nationalismes et universalismes cinématographiques. A cette fin, elle objective les asymétries de la division internationale du travail cinématographique, à l'aide des concepts de centre et de périphérie employés par la théorie des systèmes-monde, de travaux sur les échanges internationaux de biens culturels et de données sur les palmarès de festivals internationaux et la production et les échanges de films.La troisième partie est centrée sur les cinéastes et leur mobilisation autour du droit de propriété des films depuis les années 1960. En négociant des conventions collectives, la loi du 3 juillet 1985 sur le droit d'auteur, l'adhésion des Etats-Unis à la Convention de Berne et des lois réprimant les pratiques dites de téléchargement illégal (comme les lois HADOPI et SOPA), des réalisateurs, des réalisatrices et leurs organisations ont fait valoir le statut d'auteur pour obtenir ou défendre des droits censés accroître leur pouvoir, leur reconnaissance et leurs revenus. Leurs revendications ont été dénoncées par des cinéastes remettant en cause la notion d'auteur, la propriété des œuvres et/ou les intérêts d'entreprises dominantes. Les alliances et divisions des cinéastes français sont rapportées à leurs trajectoires cinématographiques grâce au concept de champ et à des données prosopographiques traitées en combinant les méthodes de l'analyse des correspondances multiples et de l'analyse de réseaux. La thèse étudie la division du travail de représentation des cinéastes entre des professionnels plus ou moins connus et reconnus, des militants et des dirigeants de sociétés d'auteurs. Sur la base d'entretiens et d'observations, on observe les points de vue des cinéastes français sur leurs droits de propriété et sur la répartition de l'argent entre les groupes professionnels du cinéma. Ces points de vue varient en fonction des positions des cinéastes dans la division du travail cinématographique, dans le champ du cinéma et dans des hiérarchies économiques, objectivées à l'aide de données statistiques.Ce travail s'adresse ainsi aux personnes intéressées par l'histoire du droit d'auteur, du copyright, du cinéma, de ses auteurs et de leurs modes de production ; aux personnes réfléchissant à la division, la hiérarchisation et l'appropriation du travail artistique ou non-artistique ; aux personnes intéressées par les approches transnationales.

Why are motion pictures often attributed to authors – or "filmmakers" – while dozens of names and occupations appear in film credits? Following Foucault's definition of authorship as a form of appropriation, this dissertation focuses on copyright law and authorship battles in order to explain the origins and existence of film authors. Rather than considering authors as the individuals who "make" movies or as a fiction overshadowing the collective nature of filmmaking, I show that the attribution of films to authors is the result of the division of filmmaking labor and its power relations. This research uses a sociohistorical perspective and a transnational approach centered on the United States and France, where film authors are not granted the same authorship rights. It sheds light on the national, international and transnational dimensions of the appropriation of motion pictures. This study starts when film authors first appeared in copyright law: as early as the 1900s.The first part of this dissertation focuses on the writing of motion pictures' property rights from the birth of cinema to the passing of the French copyright law of 1957 and of the Copyright Act of 1976. After decades of battles, these laws provided different definitions of film authors and granted them with different property rights. Using legal publications, congressional records and reports, as well as film journals, I study French and American laws as the results of a codification process shaped by preexisting law and by the cooperation and power relations between lawyers, public officials, politicians and film organizations. A study of the revisions of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works also show the interdependency between national and international norms of film authorship and copyright law.The second part of the dissertation study the appropriation of motion pictures as a social relation based on the division of filmmaking labor and social labor. Film authorship battles which started in the 1910s contributed to the creation of professional hierarchies and to the differentiation of film value from other forms of economic and artistic value. I use various writings of film professionals, along with other sources, to show that film authorship was shaped by various aspects of film production, dissemination and reception (including the power relations between film professionals, the diversity of film careers and the uses of authors' names by film critics and audiences). To study the division of filmmaking labor, I use Pierre Bourdieu's research on cultural fields, Howard Becker's work on art worlds as well as scholarship on professions. The dissertation also shows that the professional hierarchies of motion picture production interrelate with various forms of domination common to other fields. For example, gender helped to establish and legitimate hierarchies between professions and occupations, to distribute film labor and to exclude women from dominant professions. Film production also generated huge economic inequalities which nurtured authorship battles and rose the prestige of authors. Lastly, I show that film authorship was influenced by transnational circulations of movies, workers and ideas, by the asymmetries of the international film market and by film nationalism. To study the international division of filmmaking labor, I use world-systems theory, research on translations and quantitative data.The third part of the dissertation focuses on film directors and their copyright battles since the 1960s. Film directors took part in the negotiations of bargaining agreements, the French copyright law of 1985, the ratification of the Berne Convention by the United States and various laws sanctioning "internet piracy" (such as HADOPI law and the SOPA law). In these legal battles, film directors claimed to be authors in order to be granted with rights fostering their power, recognition and earnings. The legal claims were denounced by other filmmakers who challenged film authorship, copyright law and the interests of dominant film companies. Using the concept of field, biographical data, network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis, I explain that the alliances and oppositions of filmmakers in copyright battles were shaped by their professional careers. I study the political representation of film directors by members and leaders of their professional organizations. I conducted dozens of interviews to understand the points of views of French filmmakers on their property rights and on economic inequalities between film professionals. I show that their points of view vary according to their incomes and positions in the filmmaking field.This dissertation is meant to be useful for scholars interested in the history of copyright law, motion pictures, authorship, the division of (artistic) labor, professions and transnational approaches. ; Pourquoi les films de cinéma sont-ils souvent attribués à des auteurs alors même que leurs génériques énumèrent des dizaines de noms propres et de noms de métiers ? A la suite de Michel Foucault et de sa définition de la « fonction-auteur » comme forme d'appropriation des discours, cette thèse étudie la genèse et l'existence des auteurs de films au prisme des luttes de définition de leurs droits de propriété. Plutôt que de considérer les auteurs de cinéma comme ceux qui « font » les films ou comme une fiction occultant le caractère collectif de leur fabrication, elle montre que les auteurs sont les produits d'une division du travail cinématographique et des rapports de domination qui la traversent. Ce travail, inscrit dans une perspective de sociologie historique, adopte un référentiel binational centré sur la France et les Etats-Unis, où les auteurs de films ne disposent pas des mêmes droits. Il vise à objectiver les dimensions nationales, internationales et transnationales de l'appropriation des films. La période étudiée débute au moment où des personnes et des groupes ont été définis juridiquement comme des auteurs de cinéma : dès les années 1900.La première partie de ce texte est consacrée à la définition du droit de propriété des films depuis l'émergence du cinéma jusqu'à l'adoption de la loi du 11 mars 1957 et du Copyright Act de 1976. Après des décennies de débats, ces lois ont défini différemment l'identité et les droits des auteurs de films. A partir de publications juridiques, cinématographiques et parlementaires, on étudie ces lois comme les résultats d'un travail de codification structuré par des normes préexistantes et par les relations entre les acteurs qui ont participé à leur rédaction. Le développement du droit de propriété cinématographique est à la fois la cause et la conséquence de la constitution d'un espace de négociation regroupant des professionnels du droit, des hauts fonctionnaires, des professionnels de la politique et des organisations professionnelles du cinéma, dont certaines se sont constituées dans le but de défendre le statut d'auteur de leurs membres. La thèse montre ce que les normes du droit de propriété cinématographique français et américain doivent aux savoir-faire et concurrences entre des experts du droit de propriété intellectuelle, ainsi qu'aux relations entre des organisations professionnelles inégalement dotées en ressources économiques, juridiques et politiques. En examinant les révisions de la Convention de Berne, on analyse les interdépendances entre les processus de définition des normes nationales et internationales de la propriété des films. La deuxième partie de la thèse prolonge et dépasse l'étude du droit de propriété en analysant l'appropriation des films comme une relation structurée par la division du travail cinématographique et social. Les luttes de définition de l'auteur de film qui ont débuté dans les années 1910 ont contribué à la hiérarchisation du personnel cinématographique et à la différenciation de la valeur cinématographique par rapport à d'autres formes de valeur économique et artistique. Des témoignages, autobiographies et publications cinématographiques permettent de montrer que l'attribution des films à des auteurs dépend de diverses relations de production, de diffusion et de valorisation des films, comme la répartition des tâches et du pouvoir entre le personnel, les incertitudes et inégalités qui structurent les trajectoires des prétendants au statut d'auteur et les vertus cognitives et distinctives de la fonction-auteur employée par les critiques et une fraction des spectateurs. On mobilise pour cela les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sur les champs de production culturelle, d'Howard Becker sur les mondes de l'art et d'autres recherches sur les professions et artistiques et non-artistiques. En outre, la thèse constate que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma se sont construites à l'intersection de rapports de domination communs à différents domaines d'activité. Par exemple, le genre a servi à hiérarchiser les groupes professionnels, à répartir le travail cinématographique et à exclure les femmes de certains métiers du cinéma. Le cinéma a produit d'immenses inégalités de richesse qui ont attisées les luttes de définition de l'auteur et accru le prestige de certains métiers. La thèse explique également ce que les hiérarchies professionnelles du cinéma doivent à des échanges transnationaux, des concurrences internationales et aux nationalismes et universalismes cinématographiques. A cette fin, elle objective les asymétries de la division internationale du travail cinématographique, à l'aide des concepts de centre et de périphérie employés par la théorie des systèmes-monde, de travaux sur les échanges internationaux de biens culturels et de données sur les palmarès de festivals internationaux et la production et les échanges de films.La troisième partie est centrée sur les cinéastes et leur mobilisation autour du droit de propriété des films depuis les années 1960. En négociant des conventions collectives, la loi du 3 juillet 1985 sur le droit d'auteur, l'adhésion des Etats-Unis à la Convention de Berne et des lois réprimant les pratiques dites de téléchargement illégal (comme les lois HADOPI et SOPA), des réalisateurs, des réalisatrices et leurs organisations ont fait valoir le statut d'auteur pour obtenir ou défendre des droits censés accroître leur pouvoir, leur reconnaissance et leurs revenus. Leurs revendications ont été dénoncées par des cinéastes remettant en cause la notion d'auteur, la propriété des œuvres et/ou les intérêts d'entreprises dominantes. Les alliances et divisions des cinéastes français sont rapportées à leurs trajectoires cinématographiques grâce au concept de champ et à des données prosopographiques traitées en combinant les méthodes de l'analyse des correspondances multiples et de l'analyse de réseaux. La thèse étudie la division du travail de représentation des cinéastes entre des professionnels plus ou moins connus et reconnus, des militants et des dirigeants de sociétés d'auteurs. Sur la base d'entretiens et d'observations, on observe les points de vue des cinéastes français sur leurs droits de propriété et sur la répartition de l'argent entre les groupes professionnels du cinéma. Ces points de vue varient en fonction des positions des cinéastes dans la division du travail cinématographique, dans le champ du cinéma et dans des hiérarchies économiques, objectivées à l'aide de données statistiques.Ce travail s'adresse ainsi aux personnes intéressées par l'histoire du droit d'auteur, du copyright, du cinéma, de ses auteurs et de leurs modes de production ; aux personnes réfléchissant à la division, la hiérarchisation et l'appropriation du travail artistique ou non-artistique ; aux personnes intéressées par les approches transnationales.

The main subject of this thesis is a paradigm of instability and stabilization in coalition forming among countries as rational actors, presented through a Statistical Physics inspired model.This is an interdisciplinary work involving the fields of applied mathematics and sociophysics, as well as the political applications in the real cases from past and present. Applied to political,economic and social problems, the models can be used to analyze a wide variety of real cases -- international alliances, economic or business alliances, coalitions of political parties, socialnetworks, and organizational structures.In the first part of this thesis we present and analyze the coalition forming and the instability among rational actors coupled with pairwise static historical propensity bonds that have evolvedindependently. Such organization leads to discordant associations into coalitions and the instability as a consequence of decentralized maximization of the individual benefits gained fromjoining or leaving the coalitions. We define Natural Model of coalition forming and address the questions of instability and stabilization among actors possessing different levels of rationality. The framework presented here allows to analytically calculate the optimal and non-optimal stable configurations of actors' coalitions. We then investigate the coalition forming and the stabilization under the influence of externally-set opposing global alliances, which are represented in Global Alliance Model. The stabilization is produced through new cooperations based on the effect of polarization of several distinct interests shared by actors, which generates interest-based propensities and enables a planned coalition forming. We then investigate the effect of dissolution of a global alliancewhich, together with the competing alliance, has previously generated stable coalitions.A special section of the thesis is devoted to investigation and illustration of coalition forming in real historical cases. This part presents the analysis of unstable coalitions in Europe - cycling in the England-Spain-France conflicting triangle and creation of the Italian state, as well as of the remarkable historical cases of the Soviet global alliance collapse, of the recent internal conflict in Syria, and of the "paradoxical stability" in the Eurozone.In the second part of this thesis, we present a simulation of the coalition forming models. The simulation allows to follow graphically the coalition forming processes. We present the methodology used in the simulation, as well as its application in the illustration of coalition forming in the prototypes of real case systems. Given exact propensity values, which is fairly consideredto be the most difficult part of coalition forming modeling, the simulation tool can be used to predict optimal and non-optimal spontaneous stabilizations and globally motivated stabilities inreal cases.An independent part of the thesis is devoted to the subject of viability correction in dynamic network of actors. The model is a finite set of autonomous actors with states that evolveindependently and connected into a network via their connection operators, which evolve independently as well. The network is defined to be viable if a joint evolution satisfies the centralized scarcity constraints set by the environment. In order to restore the viability of these decentralized dynamics, we apply to the method of correction by viability multipliers used in Viability Theory, where the multipliers play the role of decentralizing prices. Standing apart from the main course of the thesis, the subject of viability correction in dynamic network of actors suggests an interesting theoretic dynamical generalization of coalition stabilization in our models inspired from Statistical Physics. ; 2Le sujet principal de cette thèse est la présentation d'un paradigme théorique inspiré de la Physique Statistique pour décrire les dynamiques d'instabilité ainsi que les processus de stabilisation dans la formation de coalitions entre pays considérés comme des acteurs rationnels. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une logique interdisciplinaire impliquant les mathématiques appliquées et la sociophysique avec des applications à des cas réels choisis dans le passé et le présent. Le modèle, par sa formulation générique peut être également appliqué à des problèmes politiques, économiques et sociales pour considérer des alliances internationales, économiques ou commerciales, coalitions de partis politiques, les réseaux sociaux et les structures organisationnelles.Dans la première partie, la formation de coalitions et l'instabilité des acteurs rationnels couplés avec des liaisons par paires, est analysée. Les liaisons résultent de propensions historiques qui ont évolués indépendamment et lentement dans le temps et sont considérés comme statiques. Il en résulte des associations contradictoires qui créent des instabilités irréductibles dues à la maximisation décentralisée des avantages individuels.Nous définissons ainsi le Modèle Naturel de la formation de coalitions et abordons les questions de l'instabilité et de la stabilisation des acteurs possédant différents niveaux de rationalité. Le cadre choisi permet de calculer analytiquement les configurations stables de coalitions d'acteurs, aussi bien optimales que non non-optimales. Nous étudions ensuite le Modèle de l'Alliance Globale qui considère la formation de coalitions et leur stabilisation par l'existence d'alliances mondiales opposées qui se situent au dessus des pays. Ce sont des alliances qui sont la conséquence de ralliements individuels à une alliance globale pré-existante. La stabilisation est produite par de nouvelles coopérations entre pays voisins produites sous l'effet de polarisation d'intérêts communs des acteurs générés directement par l'appartenance à l'alliance. Nous étudions ensuite l'effet de la dissolution d'une alliance globale lorsque l'alliance concurrente est préservée.Cette partie se termine une application du modèle à la formation de coalitions dans différents cas historiques tels que les conflits cycliques dans le triangle Angleterre-Espagne-France et la création de l'Etat d'Italie, l'effondrement de l'alliance Soviétique, le récent conflit interne en Syrie, et la "stabilité paradoxale" dans la Zone Euro.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous présentons une simulation du modèle qui permet de suivre graphiquement les processus de la formation de coalitions. Nous présentons la méthodologie utilisée dans la simulation, ainsi qu'une application à des prototypes de systèmes de cas réels. Étant donné les valeurs de propension exactes, ce qui est la partie la plus difficile de la modélisation, la simulation peut être utilisée pour prédire des stabilisations spontanées, optimales et non-optimales, ainsi que des stabilités produites globalement.Une partie indépendante de la thèse est consacrée à la correction de la viabilité en réseau dynamique d'acteurs, ou le modèle est un ensemble fini d'acteurs autonomes. Les états évoluent indépendamment et sont connectés à un réseau via leurs opérateurs de connexion, qui évoluent eux-mêmes aussi indépendamment. Le réseau est défini comme étant viable si une évolution commune satisfait des contraintes centralisées de rareté imposées par l'environnement. Afin de rétablir la viabilité, nous appliquons la méthode de correction par des multiplicateurs de viabilité adoptée dans la Théorie de Viabilité, où les multiplicateurs jouent le rôle du prix de décentralisation. A l'écart du cours principal de la thèse, le sujet de correction de la viabilité en réseau dynamique d'acteurs suggère une généralisation dynamique théorique intéressante de stabilisation de coalitions dans nos modèles inspirés de Physique Statistique. 1 Le sujet principal de cette thèse est un paradigme de l'instabilité et de stabilisation dans la formation de coalitions entre les pays - des acteurs rationnelles, présenté par un modèle inspiré de Physique Statistique.Il s'agit d'un travail interdisciplinaire impliquant les domaines de mathématiques appliquées et sociophysics, ainsi que les applications politiques dans les cas réels du passé et du présent. Les modèles, appliquées à des problèmes politiques, économiques et sociales, peut être utilisé pour analyser une large variété de cas réels - alliances internationales, alliances économiques ou commerciales, coalitions de partis politiques, les réseaux sociaux et les structures organisationnelles.Dans la première partie, nous présentons et analysons la formation de coalitions et de l'instabilité des acteurs rationnels couplés avec des liaisons par paires de propensions historiques statiques, qui ont évolués indépendamment. Telle organisation provoque des associations discordants dans les coalitions et de l'instabilité qui est la suite de la maximisation décentralisée des avantages individuelles.Nous définissons le Modèle Naturel de la formation de coalitions et abordons les questions de l'instabilité et de la stabilisation des acteurs possédant différents niveaux de la rationalité. Le cadre présenté ici permet de calculer analytiquement les configurations stables de coalitions d'acteurs, optimales et non-optimales. Nous étudions ensuite la formation de coalitions et la stabilisation sous l'influence d'alliances mondiales extérieurs opposées, qui sont représentés dans le Modèle de l'Alliance Globale. La stabilisation est produit grace a des nouvelles coopérations produit sous l'effet de polarisation d' intérêts communs des acteurs, qui génère tendances fondées sur les intérêts et permet une formation prévu des coalitions. Nous étudions ensuite l'effet de la dissolution d'une alliance mondiale qui, ensemble avec l'alliance concurrente, a déjà généré des coalitions stables.Une section spéciale de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude et à l'illustration de la formation de coalitions dans des cas réels historiques. Cette partie présente l'analyse des coalitions instables en Europe – des conflits cycliques dans le triangle de Angleterre-Espagne-France et la création de l'Etat d'Italie, ainsi que les cas historiques remarquables de l'effondrement de l'alliance Soviétique, du conflit récent interne en Syrie, et de la "stabilité paradoxale" dans la Zone Euro.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous présentons une simulation de notres modèles. La simulation permet de suivre graphiquement les processus de la formation de coalitions. Nous présentons la méthodologie utilisée dans la simulation, ainsi qu'une application à des prototypes de systèmes de cas réels. Étant donné les valeurs de propension exactes, ce qui est la partie la plus difficile de la modélisation, la simulation peut être utilisée pour prédire des stabilisations spontanées, optimales et non-optimales, et stabilité motivé globalement dans des cas réels.Une partie indépendante de la thèse est consacrée à la correction de la viabilité en réseau dynamique d'acteurs. Le modèle est un ensemble fini d'acteurs autonomes, les etats évoluent indépendamment sont connectés à un réseau via leur opérateurs de connexion, qui évoluent indépendamment aussi. Le réseau est défini comme étant viable si une évolution commune satisfait des contraintes centralisés de rareté imposées par l'environnement. Afin de rétablir la viabilité, nous appliquons la méthode de correction par des multiplicateurs de viabilité utilisés dans la Théorie de Viabilité, où les multiplicateurs jouent le rôle de la prix de décentralisation. A l'écart du cours principal de la thèse, le sujet de correction de la viabilité en réseau dynamique d'acteurs suggère une généralisation dynamique théorique intéressante de stabilisation de coalitions dans nos modèles inspirés de Physique Statistique.