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This study investigated the relationship of selected building descriptors, district characteristics, and finance, to the per pupil cost of new school construction. Variables selected were: Financial--assessed value, local effort in facility construction, state and federal funds, and the educational expenditures of the district; Building descriptors--the length of construction time, the percentage of instructional space, and the type of facility; district characteristics--geographic location, urban/rural, and net enrollment. The data were gathered from the West Virginia State Department of Education, the State Tax Department, and various architects who designed the 128 new schools constructed under the West Virginia Better School Buildings Amendment of 1972. Analyses utilized the multiple regression procedure to examine the relationship of the variables to construction costs. The results indicated a significant relationship between per pupil construction cost and three financial variables: (1) the assessed value of the district, (2) the amount of local effort put into facility construction and improvement, and (3) the amount of state funds utilized in the project. None of the district characteristics contributed significantly to the variance and the only descriptive variable to yield a significant contribution was the type of facility being constructed--elementary, secondary, or vocational-technical. The study implied need for the standardization of assessed values in West Virginia, equalization of local fiscal effort in school construction, and legislation to inject additional state money in capital outlay. It was recommended that a funding formula for facility construction and improvement be instituted utilizing money from two sources: a local effort fund, accrued and administered at the state level, to which each county would contribute on an equalized basis; and state appropriations designated on a yearly basis. These funds would eliminate the need for local bond issues and special levies for this purpose. It was recommended that further study be done to clarify the relationship between per pupil cost and federal funds, as well as instructional space. ; Ed. D.

"The NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health provides summaries of publications like this. You can sign up to receive the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health by email. This paper is the first to use the method of instrumental variables (IV) to estimate the impact of obesity on medical costs in order to address the endogeneity of weight and to reduce the bias from reporting error in weight. Models are estimated using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2000-2005. The IV model, which exploits genetic variation in weight as a natural experiment, yields estimates of the impact of obesity on medical costs that are considerably higher than the correlations reported in the previous literature. For example, obesity is associated with $676 higher annual medical care costs, but the IV results indicate that obesity raises annual medical costs by $2,826 (in 2005 dollars). The estimated annual cost of treating obesity in the U.S. adult non-institutionalized population is $168.4 billion or 16.5% of national spending on medical care. These results imply that the previous literature has underestimated the medical costs of obesity, resulting in underestimates of the cost effectiveness of anti-obesity interventions and the economic rationale for government intervention to reduce obesity-related externalities"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

Operational cost of transportation route by Air Salobar on Ambon City is a cost incurred by public transport entrepreneurs in running the business operation, while achieving the goal of safe transportation desires, comfortable, economical and smooth , need to pay attention to the condition of the existing public transportation that operates at the route. Especially services that are considered very meggangu the city transport service users as well as in Indonesia today , and in particular Ambon city transport routes Mardika's Terminal – Air Salobar. So it's it is precisely when reviewing how service levels to be very low right now. So that needs to be revisited once the city transport fares set by the government and compared to public transportation operating costs to be incurred by the manager of public transportation to take a step back calculation. Public transportation cost calculations are calculated based on the calculation of fixed and variable costs. For variable costs consisting of fuel costs, the cost of lubricating oil, tire usage costs , driver wages and repair costs. Vehicle operating costs per passenger per trip Mardika's Terminal – Air Salobar IDR 2000 of the calculation results, obtained vehicle operating costs per passenger per trip is greater than revenue means businesses operate vehicles transport on this route loss.

Acquisition research (Graduate School of Business & Public Policy) ; Over several years, the United States General Accounting Office (now renamed the Government Accountability Office) reported private sector best practices for controlling costs and pointedly made comparisons with DoD acquisitions. In responding to GAO suggestions for improvement, DoD said the improvements would be forthcoming with the publication of new policy guidance. The new policy directives were published, beginning in May 2003. The final piece -- the Defense Acquisition Guidebook that recommends process and practice -- was put online in the fall of 2004. Now it is possible to address the operative question: Has the DoD put into place policy and implementing guidance, to practice CAIV in the acquisition of DoD's warfighting systems? Secondarily, has DoD established the processes and tools to monitor and control CAIV? Additionally, has the DoD leadership exhibited the will and determination to control Total Ownership Costs of its warfighting systems? Has the TOC focus changed? ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Covers the period July-Oct. 1987

Crime is an important outcome in many social policy evaluations. Benefits to society from preventing crime are based on avoiding victimization and freeing criminal justice system resources. For the latter, analysts need information about the marginal cost of policing for different types of crime across jurisdictions; however, this information is not readily available. This paper details key economic concepts relevant to law enforcement services, and then combines publicly available police expenditure data with insights from observational and time-diary studies to generate state-level, crime-specific, average variable cost estimates for crime-response services conducted by police by crime type. Since there is considerable uncertainty concerning various parameters underpinning these calculations, we use Monte Carlo simulation methods to incorporate the uncertainty into our estimates. This study finds that the U.S. population-weighted average variable cost of law enforcement response per police-reported Part 1 violent crime is $10,900, ranging from $6900 to $15,400 at the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. For a Part 1 property crime, the equivalent figure is $1300, with a range from $700 to $1700.

The effect of childhood obesity on medical costs incurred by the Australian Government is estimated using five waves of panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, which is linked to public health insurance administrative records from Medicare Australia. Instrumental variables estimators are used to address concerns about measurement error and selection bias. The additional annual medical costs due to overweight and obesity among 6 to 13 year olds is about $43 million (in 2015 AUD). This is driven by a higher utilisation of general practitioner and specialist doctors. The results suggest that the economic consequences of childhood obesity are much larger than previously estimated.

Today, almost all enterprises are highly dependent on IT services. Thus, high availability IT services and the cost of downtime have received a lot of attention in recent years. One increasingly used tool for cyber risk management and transfer is cyber insurance, which typically offers some form of business interruption coverage. However, cost structures of IT service outages are still poorly understood, as costs are often just reported as lump sums. This article contributes a multiple case study of IT service outage cost in three sectors in Sweden: transport companies (N= 11), food companies (N= 9) and government agencies (N= 19). The contribution is three-fold: (i) the measurement instrument itself, (ii) the insights into different cost structures gained, and (iii) the implications of different cost structures on availability investment strategies. Whereas some enterprises incur only a fixed outage cost, some incur (almost) only lost productivity or almost only lost revenue. In the public sector, lost revenue is often negligible. The results are further contextualised by a discussion of cyber insurance implications. ; Funding details: Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap, MSB, 2015-6986; Funding details: Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap, MSB; Funding text 1: Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, MSB, agreement no. 2015-6986. Not only did MSB function as the funding agency, it was also instrumental in securing access to the public-private fora where many respondents were recruited. The author is grateful for this, in particular to Johan Turell, who facilitated these contacts. Thanks are also due to Professor Shaun S. Wang of the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore for discussions about availability investment allocation problems.

This paper describes the process of possible evaluation of costs of using high speed water jet technology for concrete removal methods. High speed water jet technology is a progressive technology of removing damaged concrete used in civil engineering since the 80's of 20th century. It has been changing and developing since that time. But there is little information in literature devoted to the economic evaluation of this technology. Detailed economic analysis is still missing. This paper aims to compare comprehensively in economic terms the costs of removing concrete using the technology of both continuous oscillating and pulsating oscillating water jets. The research was realized in cooperation with research institutions and industrial companies and was supported by state budget of the Czech Republic and from the European Union. The scheme of cooperation of the University, research institutions, industrial companies and government follows the Triple helix model.