Suchergebnisse

Since the early 1990s, the European Union has been supporting socio-economic transformations in the former Soviet Union states, including the Russian Federation. Initially, this assistance was provided in the framework of the TACIS Programme, offering long-term, non-repayable aid. In 1991–2006 Russia received EUR 2.7bn for the restructuring of the state enterprise sector, establishment of private companies, state administration reform, telecommunications, nuclear safety and security and environmental protection. Despite severe criticism directed at the implemented programme, emphasising its unclear objectives, lack of awareness of the conditions in which the projects were executed, prolonged completion periods for some projects and lack of evaluation, the European Union continued its financial assistance to Russia since 2007 as part of the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. The funds available for the programme were earmarked to support political, economic and social reforms, and regional and local development through programmes implemented in two time perspectives: 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Evaluation of the programmes implemented in 2007–2013 revealed numerous shortcomings in project execution. For example, projects implemented as part of the Arctic Circle-Russia Programme were criticised for weak objectives and only partial completion of some undertakings. Another programme – Karelia–Russia failed to create a joint vision of the region and develop joint investment plans. The issues indicated as barriers to cooperation between the Russian Federation and Finland included: complicated administrative procedures in Russia and poor command of the English language on the Russian side. No evaluation report was prepared on completion of the South-East Finland–Russia Programme and Lithuania–Poland–Russia Programme. Furthermore, the objectives of the Estonia–Latvia–Russia Programme were not accomplished. Nevertheless, the European Union decided to continue the assistance to the Russian Federation in 2014–2020 as part of the following programmes: Arctic Circle–Russia, Karelia–Russia and South-East Finland–Russia and to launch four new programmes: Estonia–Russia, Latvia–Russia, Poland–Russia and Lithuania–Russia.

This book contains the updated English translation and the current official Russian text of the Aviation Code of the Russian Federation. For a better understanding of the Act, an Introduction has been added to this second edition, setting out the history of the Aviation Code and its ramifications. An outline of the Code is given, as well as an account of other Russian Federation legislation covering the field of aviation law. The book clarifies the applicable aviation law in the Russian Federation by providing a professional English translation of the Russian Aviation Code. It will be of inter

This excellent reference source brings together hard-to-find information on the constituent units of the Russian Federation. The introduction examines the Russian Federation as a whole, followed by a chronology, demographic and economic statistics, and a review of the Federal Government. The second section comprises territorial surveys, each of which includes a current map. This edition includes surveys covering the annexed (and disputed) territories of Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as updated surveys of each of the other 83 federal subjects. The third section comprises a select bibliography of books. The fourth section features a series of indexes, listing the territories alphabetically, by Federal Okrug and Economic Area. Users will also find a gazetteer of selected alternative and historic names, a list of the territories abolished, created or reconstituted in the post-Soviet period, and an index of more than 100 principal cities, detailing the territory in which each is located.

Vom 18. bis 20. November 1996 fand in Nischny Novgorod ein Workshop zur Finanzierung von Umweltprojekten statt. Im Vordergrund stand dabei die Entwicklung von staatlichen Umweltprojekten sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit Unternehmen. Die Industrie soll dazu angehalten werden, auf umweltfreundliche Produktionsmethoden zu achten und ihre Ausgaben für Schutzmaßnahmen zu erhöhen. Wichtig ist auch die überregionale Zusammenarbeit sowie die Kooperation von Stadt und Region.

This excellent reference source brings together hard-to-find information on the constituent units of the Russian Federation. The introduction examines the Russian Federation as a whole, followed by a chronology, demographic and economic statistics, and a review of the Federal Government. The second section comprises territorial surveys, each of which includes a current map. This edition includes surveys covering the annexed (and disputed) territories of Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as updated surveys of each of the other 83 federal subjects. The third section comprises a select bibliography of books. The fourth section features a series of indexes, listing the territories alphabetically, by Federal Okrug and Economic Area. Users will also find a gazetteer of selected alternative and historic names, a list of the territories abolished, created or reconstituted in the post-Soviet period, and an index of more than 100 principal cities, detailing the territory in which each is located.

This article discusses the development of syndicated lending in Russia. The aim of the study is to identify key trends in the Russian syndicated lending market. The research methodology is based on the use of universal general scientific methods – analysis, comparison, generalization, etc. The author also uses a graphical way of presenting information. To achieve the aim of the study, the following objectives are successively reached in the article: (1) the main elements and features of this credit instrument are considered; (2) the way of development of the Russian syndicated lending market is studied, the stages of its formation and the characteristics for each of them are presented; (3) the current state of the syndicated lending market in the Russian Federation is studied, and its current trends, formed under the influence of the factors of the current economic situation, the aggravated geopolitical situation and large-scale sanctions restrictions, are identified. The high economic efficiency of syndicated lending in the field of supporting the development of key sectors of the economy and promoting economic growth in general is noted. This is the potential of syndicated lending for the national economy. However, the study of the development trajectory of this credit instrument in the Russian Federation shows a high exposure of the syndicated lending market to the influence of global economic, financial and political factors. The aggravation of the geopolitical situation in 2022 led to significant structural changes in the Russian financial market. In particular, the syndicated lending market of the Russian Federation turned out to be localized. At the same time, despite the ongoing sanctions, today experts believe that the potential of this credit instrument in our country has not yet been disclosed, and they see opportunities for the growth of syndicated lending in Russia, including in the ruble segment. However, for the further development of the Russian market of syndicated lending, especially in the current local format, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions. Among the most important factors for its successful development are the improvement of Russian legal support, the development of national standards for the implementation of transactions, the development of the functionality of market participants based on the dissemination of experience accumulated to date, and the introduction of best practices in the field of syndicated lending. Efforts on the part of the Bank of Russia and professional associations of credit institutions are of great importance for solving these problems. Only in this context the syndicated lending market of the Russian Federation will be able to become one of the key elements of the effective development of the domestic economy.

THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MAY DISINTEGRATE LIKE THE SOVIET UNION HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF MUCH DEBATE FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS. IN THE DISINTEGRATION SCENARIOS, THE MOST CRITICAL FACTORS USUALLY CITED INCLUDE WEAKNESS AND INDECISIVENESS OF THE CENTRAL AUTHORITIES, DIFFERENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE VARIOUS REGIONS AND THEIR DIVERSE INTERESTS AND PRIORITIES, THE AMBITIONS OF LOCAL ELITES OFTEN DRAWN FROM THE OLD NOMENKLATURA, AND ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES SCENARIOS OF 'EXPLOSION' AND IMPLOSION,' THAT IS, THE PROCESS OF DISINTEGRATION BEGINNING EITHER AT THE COUNTRY'S CENTER OR IN ITS PROVINCES.

This paper presents a sociolinguistic analysis of the current linguistic situation in the Russian Federation. Preservation and development of the Russian language represents the national interest of the state. The Russian language has the status of a state language, but, given the large number of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia, it must not jeopardise other national languages, as this could lead to inter-ethnic conflicts. Some of the key issues Russia is currently facing in this field are: the process of globalisation, the uncontrolled penetration of anglicisms into the Russian language, the adverse impact of the Internet and social networks on literacy, especially with the younger population. All valid rules of the Russian orthography are, in fact, prescribed by the Government of The Russian Federation. Laws regulating the area of language policy are the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, and the Law on the State Language of the Russian Federation.

This book explores the extent to which and the reasons why Russias citizens harbor feelings of nostalgia for the Soviet Union today. Based on the results of a nationwide survey and rigorous field research carried out within several of Russias regions, Dr. Sullivan uncovers material and cultural rationales for this sentiment of nostalgia which poses both an opportunity and a challenge to the Russian government. With Russian nationalism and revanchism a resurgent force in contemporary global affairs, this detailed study will interest scholars of international relations and of populist authoritarianism around the world