Suchergebnisse

Spatial autocorrelation methods are used to study spatial disproportions in the socio-economic development of territories. The most common research methods are the analysis of Moran local indices, Moran global index, Getis-Ord hot spots. In this study, we used spatial autocorrelation methods to estimate COVID-19 distribution patterns. As a result of the study, we identified the formed growth poles, the epicenters of the spread of infection (St. Petersburg, Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Novgorod regions) and only emerging ones. The practical application of this methodological approach allowed us to predict further spatial directions of the spread of coronavirus infection (Vladimir, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tula, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan and Leningrad regions).

Contradictory forces of urban concentration and sprawl and of spatial segregation dominate metropolitan dynamics. Segregation as a mechanism of separation/aggregation leading to unequal and homogenous spaces produces new socioeconomic inequalities through neighbourhood effects. The fight against spatial segregation is a prior goal of urban policies and a prominent element of sustainability. Thus, increasing socio-spatial inequalities lead me to enquire about the underlying reasons of segregation, and more particularly, about those related to the urban growth form. The aim of this thesis is to produce some answers to this question by analysing the impact of the urban form on segregation in the 100 largest French urban areas. Firstly, I propose to measure segregation and to analyse its evolutions during the last 20 years by using indexes and income data at different spatial scales (1984 to 2004 data from Internal Revenue and 2001 data from National Statistical Institute of Economic Studies- Internal Revenue). Secondly, I analyse residential migrations of socio-professional categories in Lyon, Marseille and Lille at the municipality level (1982, 1990 and 1999 General Population Census data). Finally, I test the effect of density and polycentrism through inter-unit disparity and intra-unit homogeneity in urban areas. Results do not show a consistent effect and confirm the ambiguity of the relation between density and segregation. They equally reject the hypothesis of polycentrism as a factor to hinder segregation. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of segregation mechanisms and leads to broad the research agenda in this field. ; Les dynamiques métropolitaines sont marquées par des mouvements contradictoires de concentration et d'étalement urbain mais aussi de ségrégation spatiale. À travers des mécanismes de séparation/agrégation de population conduisant à des espaces homogènes et inégalitaires, la ségrégation produit, par le biais des effets de quartier, de nouvelles inégalités socio-économiques. La lutte contre la ségrégation spatiale est un objectif des politiques urbaines, affirmé par le cadre du développement durable. Cependant, la croissance des inégalités socio-spatiales nous interroge sur les causes du phénomène et particulièrement celles liées à la forme de la croissance urbaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une première réponse, en analysant l'impact de la forme urbaine sur la ségrégation dans les 100 plus grandes aires urbaines françaises. D'abord, nous proposons de mesurer la ségrégation et d'analyser ses évolutions depuis une vingtaine d'années à partir d'indicateurs et des données de revenu, à plusieurs échelles spatiales (Direction Générale des Impôts 1984-2004, INSEE-DGI 2001). Nous analysons ensuite les mobilités résidentielles des catégories socioprofessionnelles à Lyon, Lille et Marseille, à l'échelle communale (RGP 1982, 1990 et 1999). Nous testons enfin l'effet de la densité et du polycentrisme sur la disparité inter-zones et l'homogénéité intra-zones des aires urbaines étudiées. Les résultats confirment l'ambiguïté du lien entre densité et ségrégation en montrant l'absence d'effet et rejettent l'hypothèse d'un polycentrisme moins ségrégatif. Notre analyse contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes ségrégatifs et nous permet de proposer des pistes de recherche.

Contradictory forces of urban concentration and sprawl and of spatial segregation dominate metropolitan dynamics. Segregation as a mechanism of separation/aggregation leading to unequal and homogenous spaces produces new socioeconomic inequalities through neighbourhood effects. The fight against spatial segregation is a prior goal of urban policies and a prominent element of sustainability. Thus, increasing socio-spatial inequalities lead me to enquire about the underlying reasons of segregation, and more particularly, about those related to the urban growth form. The aim of this thesis is to produce some answers to this question by analysing the impact of the urban form on segregation in the 100 largest French urban areas. Firstly, I propose to measure segregation and to analyse its evolutions during the last 20 years by using indexes and income data at different spatial scales (1984 to 2004 data from Internal Revenue and 2001 data from National Statistical Institute of Economic Studies- Internal Revenue). Secondly, I analyse residential migrations of socio-professional categories in Lyon, Marseille and Lille at the municipality level (1982, 1990 and 1999 General Population Census data). Finally, I test the effect of density and polycentrism through inter-unit disparity and intra-unit homogeneity in urban areas. Results do not show a consistent effect and confirm the ambiguity of the relation between density and segregation. They equally reject the hypothesis of polycentrism as a factor to hinder segregation. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of segregation mechanisms and leads to broad the research agenda in this field. ; Les dynamiques métropolitaines sont marquées par des mouvements contradictoires de concentration et d'étalement urbain mais aussi de ségrégation spatiale. À travers des mécanismes de séparation/agrégation de population conduisant à des espaces homogènes et inégalitaires, la ségrégation produit, par le biais des effets de quartier, de nouvelles inégalités socio-économiques. La lutte contre la ségrégation spatiale est un objectif des politiques urbaines, affirmé par le cadre du développement durable. Cependant, la croissance des inégalités socio-spatiales nous interroge sur les causes du phénomène et particulièrement celles liées à la forme de la croissance urbaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une première réponse, en analysant l'impact de la forme urbaine sur la ségrégation dans les 100 plus grandes aires urbaines françaises. D'abord, nous proposons de mesurer la ségrégation et d'analyser ses évolutions depuis une vingtaine d'années à partir d'indicateurs et des données de revenu, à plusieurs échelles spatiales (Direction Générale des Impôts 1984-2004, INSEE-DGI 2001). Nous analysons ensuite les mobilités résidentielles des catégories socioprofessionnelles à Lyon, Lille et Marseille, à l'échelle communale (RGP 1982, 1990 et 1999). Nous testons enfin l'effet de la densité et du polycentrisme sur la disparité inter-zones et l'homogénéité intra-zones des aires urbaines étudiées. Les résultats confirment l'ambiguïté du lien entre densité et ségrégation en montrant l'absence d'effet et rejettent l'hypothèse d'un polycentrisme moins ségrégatif. Notre analyse contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes ségrégatifs et nous permet de proposer des pistes de recherche.

IN_PRESS ; Both spatial and temporal context influence our perception of visual stimuli. For instance, both nearby moving stimuli and recently viewed motion can lead to biases in the perceived direction of a moving stimulus. Due to similarities in the spatial tuning properties of these spatial and temporal context-dependent effects, it is often assumed that they share a functional goal in motion processing and arise from common neural mechanisms. However, the psychophysical evidence concerning this assumption is inconsistent. Here we used an individual differences approach to examine the relationship between different effects of contextual modulation on perception. We reasoned that if measures of contextual modulation share a common underlying mechanism, they should exhibit a strong positive correlation across participants. To test this hypothesis, estimates of the direction aftereffect, direction repulsion, the tilt aftereffect and contrast adaptation were obtained from 54 healthy participants. Our results show pronounced interindividual differences in the effect sizes of all four tasks. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between the estimates of the direction aftereffect and direction repulsion. This correlation was also evident in the threshold elevations that accompanied these repulsive biases in perceived direction. While the effects of contrast adaptation did not correlate with any of the other tasks, there was a weak, but non-significant, correlation between the direction and tilt aftereffects. These results provide evidence for common mechanisms underlying the direction aftereffect and direction repulsion. Keywords ; This work was supported by a Government of Ireland Fellowship from the Irish Research Council awarded to DPM

Scale limitations, endogeneity problems, and observational equivalence in observational studies render many tests of the proximity and directional models inconclusive. Fortunately, the task of designing experimental tests has proven tractable and the small, but growing, body of experimental evidence sheds new light on directional and proximity motivated behavior. The experiment described in this article was designed to reexamine the role of ideology structuring candidate evaluations in the general population and test the models in two new policy areas: opinion about military spending and opinion about abortion. The results indicate that ideology and opinions about military spending stimulate proximity behavior whereas opinions about abortion stimulate directional behavior. It is also found that abortion-based evaluations are more strongly directional for those who oppose abortion—which is consistent with the notion of policy balancing. The article concludes by considering the possibility that some issues lend themselves to proximity comparisons whereas others lend themselves to directional comparisons and discussing the implications for democratic politics.

The author examines three approaches to planning theory: the communicative model, the new urbanism, and the just city. The first type emphasizes the planner's role in mediating among "stakeholders," the second paints a physical picture of a desirable planned city, and the third presents a model of spatial relations based on equity. Differences among the types reflect an enduring tension between a focus on the planning process and an emphasis on desirable outcomes. The author defends the continued use of the just-city model and a modified form of the political economy mode of analysis that underlies it.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the effects of cue error on auditory spatial facilitation (ASF) of visual search. Background: ASF is the reduction in time needed to locate and identify a visual target when an auditory cue is presented at the location of the target. Although ASF has been shown to occur when the auditory cue coincides with the target location, it is important to determine whether facilitatory effects are also evident when the cue is displaced. Method: Participants performed a visual search task in the presence of an auditory cue that was presented at the center of the screen (uninformative), at the location of the target (accurate), or displaced up to 12° from the target horizontally or vertically. Results: Generally, displaced auditory cues reduced search times as compared with a condition in which the cue was uninformative. When the displacement was always along a single spatial dimension, the cue was as effective as a coincident cue if it was within the local visual area. However, when the dimension along which the cue was displaced varied randomly, the cue did not necessarily reduce search time and hurt performance when the visual search task was difficult. Conclusion: Designers of virtual audio displays should be aware that auditory cue accuracy will be affected by the difficulty of the visual task and the operators' knowledge of cue precision and reliability. Application: Findings from this study can be applied to the design of multimodal interfaces and augmented or virtual environments.

The impact of verbal and spatial abilities on the communication of route information was investigated using a two-part procedure. Initially, subjects were selected for inclusion in four groups based on their combination of spatial and verbal abilities. Subsequently, the performance of high spatial-high verbal, high spatial-low verbal, low spatial-high verbal, and low spatial-low verbal subjects was measured on tasks requiring the comprehension and production of route directions. No differences were found with regard to subjects' abilities to comprehend route directions. However, the results suggested that spatial abilities are very important in the production of efficient route directions and that verbal abilities are related to subjects' tendency to conform to certain proposed linguistic conventions regarding the communication of route knowledge.

This article reports on an exploratory investigation of the different ways in which people think about geographical space and formulate answers to cognitive mapping tasks. To try to discover the strategies of spatial thought used in completing a task, designed to measure configurational knowledge (knowledge of the associations between and relative locations of places), individuals were interviewed while they undertook two of four different tests. This was followed by a debriefing interview where respondents could express their feelings and judgments concerning each test. Such an introspective methodology, although being difficult from which to draw any definitive conclusions, does allow an insight into the strategies used in spatial thought and can provide useful information concerning how traditional cognitive mapping research should develop. Many strategies of spatial thought were found to exist. These can be divided into common strategies that concern geographical knowledge (e.g., imagining a map), common task strategies that are general problem-solving strategies usable over several tests (e.g., elimination to narrow choices), and task-specific strategies constrained by the nature of a particular task (e.g., working out distance and direction between A and B, B and C to determine A to C). In addition, by comparing quantitative results with the qualitative interviews it was possible to examine whether the adoption of certain strategies led to more accurate spatial products externalizedd representation of knowledge).