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Semantic meaning of verbs to denote the manifestation of the dispute is determined by the culture of language, feature mentality, habits and traditions of the people. Analysis of verbs on the designation of the manifestation of the dispute is based on the formalized method of lexical and semantic analysis. This method investigates seven, combined into lexical units, and, accordingly, the connections between them. Due to this, the sphere of human influence on everyday life and relationships between people. Historiography. The study of lexical and semantic meanings of verbs to denote the manifestation of the dispute are as follows scientists: VV Levitsky, OI Mygalets, MP Fabian, M.P. Kochergan and others. The following lexicographic ones were chosen as the basis of the research sources: Modern explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language, Dictionary of the Ukrainian language in 11 volumes and Cambridge Advanced Leaner's Dictionary. The urgency of this issue is the formation of new ones sem and their novelty in the lexical meaning of verbs onmarking the manifestation of the dispute, and, accordingly, their study on different degrees of polysemy - higher and highest, as well study of monosemantic manifestations of controversial verbs. The purpose The article is a study of verbs to denote the manifestation of controversy in English and Ukrainian. The object of research is features of the lexical meaning of verbs to denote manifestation disputes in English and Ukrainian. Methods research: descriptive, analytical, methods of analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty is that the study of verbs on marking the manifestation of the dispute with the definition of their degrees polysemy has not yet been the subject of research. Conclusions. IN lexical and semantic results of the research are determined features of verbs to denote the manifestation of controversy in English and Ukrainian languages, as well as their analysis to varying degreespolysemy.

The article deals with the problem of semantic classification of the verbs of the NorthAmerican continent. 60 verbs marked in the dictionaries (Hornby, Webster, Gage) as British,American, Canadian have been chosen for the investigation. The classification of verbal lexemesaccording to their semantic meaning suggested by A.A. Ufimtseva has been taken for the basis ofthis research. According to this classification all the verbs fall into two groups: lexemes of activeaction and lexemes of nonactive action.

This research aimed to know the semantic meaning of the 2019 political jargon presidential and vice presidential election. Nowadays both of candidate use the jargon to convey the political program especially to make an opinion in society. Based on the data analysis, it was found out political jargon a both of candidates use connotative and social meaning to influence the public, language rhetoric is very inherent in "Adil makmur" jargon is more explore propaganda that uses poverty sentiment with comparing between rich and poor.Whereas in the political jargon that uses Mr. Jokowi dodo and K.H Mahruf Amin " Bersih, Merakyat, Kerja Nyata" is more offer the program that has been done, and they try to persuade society to support their program that package in the jargon, this jargon use connotative meaning that tries to show the success of government program. Keyword: semantic and political jargon.

AbstractIs conceptual engineering feasible? Answering that question requires a theory of semantic change, which is sometimes thought elusive. Fortunately, much is known about semantic change as it occurs in the wild. While usage is chaotic and complex, changes in a word's use can produce changes in its meaning. There are several under-appreciated empirical constraints on how meanings change that stem from the following observation: word use finely reflects equilibrium between various communicative pressures (just as, say, product sales do between various market pressures). Much of the relevant work in linguistics has employed the methods of empirical pragmatics and diachronic semantics. In this way, the study of meaning change can be brought to bear on the conceptual engineer's normative project. The picture that emerges tells against the sorts of engineering projects most likely to appeal to philosophers. Some may stand to succeed, but they have significantly different contours than the typical ones.

The Making of Meaning brings together Luhmann's essential ideas from the four volume series Gesellschaftsstruktur and Semantik (Social Structure and Semantics) . In this work, Luhmann presents an empirical strategy that links the production of knowledge and culture to broader societal changes and the transformation of societal complexity. This volume provides insight into the development of Luhmann's theoretical ideas, revealing how his theory was driven by a broad range of detailed historical and comparative studies. Informing a wide range of disciplines, from sociology to history, from law to business studies, from philosophy to cultural studies, The Making of Meaning stands as a major contribution to the sociology of knowledge and the social history of ideas.

The article deals with the analysis of idioms functioning in the political discourse reflecting characteristic cultural features based on British and American political texts

Acculturation involves changes in cultural content, which in turn may be reflected in shifts in the meanings of words. It is not altogether surprising, therefore, that anthropological studies of semantic change have traditionally taken the individual lexeme as a basic unit of analysis. This approach, though undeniably useful in some instances, is inadequate in others, especially when one must account for the fact that whole groups of semantically related lexemes undergo meaning extension simultaneously. In what follows, an example of this process is described and analyzed. The cognitive implications of "set extension" are touched upon, and a hypothesis is advanced to account for when it occurs. Our data come from the Southern Athapaskan‐speaking Western Apache, and the methods used are basically those of ethnographic lexicography or "ethnoscience."

Reciprocals are an increasingly hot topic in linguistic research. This reflects the intersection of several factors: the semantic and syntactic complexity of reciprocal constructions, their centrality to some key points of linguistic theorizing (such as Binding Conditions on anaphors within Government and Binding Theory), and the centrality of reciprocity to theories of social structure, human evolution and social cognition. No existing work, however, tackles the question of exactly what reciprocal constructions mean cross-linguistically. Is there a single, Platonic 'reciprocal' meaning found in all languages, or is there a cluster of related concepts which are nonetheless impossible to characterize in any single way? That is the central goal of this volume, and it develops and explains new techniques for tackling this question. At the same time, it confronts a more general problem facing semantic typology: how to investigate a category cross-linguistically without pre-loading the definition of the phenomenon on the basis of what is found in more familiar languages.

Semantic Network Analysis in Social Sciences introduces the fundamentals of semantic network analysis and its applications in the social sciences. Readers learn how to easily transform any given text into a visual network of words co-occurring together, a process that allows mapping the main themes appearing in the text and revealing its main narratives and biases. Semantic network analysis is particularly useful today with the increasing volumes of text-based information available. It is one of the developing, cutting-edge methods to organize, identify patterns and structures, and understand the meanings of our information society. The first chapters in this book offer step-by-step guidelines for conducting semantic network analysis, including choosing and preparing the text, selecting desired words, constructing the networks, and interpreting their meanings. Free software tools and code are also presented. The rest of the book displays state-of-the-art studies from around the world that apply this method to explore news, political speeches, social media content, and even to organize interview transcripts and literature reviews. Aimed at scholars with no previous knowledge in the field, this book can be used as a main or a supplementary textbook for general courses on research methods or network analysis courses, as well as a starting point to conduct your own content analysis of large texts.

Business Intelligence tools support making better business decisions by analyzing available organizational data. Data Warehouses (DWs), typically structured with the Multidimensional (MD) model, are used to store data from different internal and external sources processed using Extract-Transformation-Load (ETL) processes. On-Line analytical Processing (OLAP) queries are applied on DWs to derive important business-critical knowledge. DW and OLAP technologies perform efficiently when they are applied on data that are static in nature and well organized in structure. Nowadays, Semantic Web technologies and the Linked Data principles inspire organizations to publish their semantic data, which allow machines to understand the meaning of data, using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) model. In addition to traditional (non-semantic) data sources, the incorporation of semantic data sources into a DW raises the additional challenges of schema derivation, semantic heterogeneity, and schema and data management model over traditional ETL tools. Furthermore, most SW data provided by business, academic and governmental organizations include facts and figures, which raise new requirements for BI tools to enable OLAP-like analyses over those semantic (RDF) data. In this thesis, we 1) propose a layer-based ETL framework for handling diverse semantic and non-semantic data sources by addressing the challenges mentioned above, 2) propose a set of high-level ETL constructs for processing semantic data, 3) implement appropriate environments (both programmable and GUI) to facilitate ETL processes and evaluate the proposed solutions. Our ETL framework is a semantic ETL framework because it integrates data semantically. We propose SETL, a unified framework for semantic ETL. The framework is divided into three layers: the Definition Layer, ETL Layer, and Data Warehouse Layer. In the Definition Layer, the semantic DW (SDW) schema, sources, and the mappings among the sources and the target are defined. In the ETL Layer, ETL processes ...

The transmission of meaning is the main purpose of the language or the unique communication tool. Each single linguistic sign contains a conventional meaning. Perception of meaning is achieved by listening to any utterance or sentence uttered by the speaker in speech and by reading a sentence in reading. The theory of Sphoṭa that was enhanced by Bhartruhari in Vākyapadīya can be identified as the ideal oriental linguistic theory which elaborates the process of perceiving the meaning of a sentence. In this process, the whole sentence is heard and considered rather than its individual elements. The main purpose of this paper which is based on the research problem of "how the meaning of a sentence is perceived" is to explore the semantical process of the perception of sentencial meaning, with reference to the theoretical interpretation of Sphoṭa. In order to investigate the research problem, data analysis of literary sources was carried out following the qualitative research methodology. Through the critical analysis of facts, it was possible to conclude that the Sphoṭa theory reflected in the ancient oriental semantic analysis is ideal and ubiquitous; in terms of that, the meaning of a sentence is perceived not by the individual elements but by listening to the whole sentence, and the Sphoṭa is the concluded feeling or the entire sense which is generated in mind after hearing the entire sentence or utterance.