Die erdölexportierenden Länder müssen sich auf die Situation eines niedrigen Erdölpreises und daher sinkender Einnahmen aus dem Ölexport einstellen. Der Autor unterteilt die arabischen Länder gemäß ihres pro-Kopf-Einkommens in drei Klassen und analysiert für jede die wirtschaftspolitischen Anpassungsstrategien sowie die Folgen für Wirtschaftsstruktur und sektorale Entwicklung. Zustandsbeschreibung: nach den Korrekturen des Ölpreises 1984 und 1985. (DSE)
Environmental impact statements (EISs) examine the effect of the proposed action – typically a construction project, but sometimes a government policy or other activity – on the environment. However, increasing attention is now devoted to looking in the other direction – at how changes in the environment might affect a project. Reverse environmental impact analysis, as I will call it, has been with us for some time. For example, if a building is planned downwind of a smokestack or downstream of a contaminated groundwater plume, this effect of the outside world has long been considered. However, the emergence of scientific understanding of climate change is shining a light on the issue. For example, if during the expected lifetime of a proposed building, its site may be endangered by sea level rise, should this be disclosed in the EIS, so that governmental decision-makers can consider this prospect before granting approvals? This article explores the protocols that various government agencies have issued for reverse environmental impact analysis. It then discusses one pending case on the issue. It reports on a survey that investigated whether and how reverse environmental impact analysis is being performed in recent EISs, and it summarizes the analysis in a number of EISs.
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Introduction -- SECTION 1 Israel -- 1 Israel has caused its own insecurity together with that of the USA -- SECTION 2 Western intervention in Islamic states -- 2 The USA and Britain helped to bring about the Islamic Revolution in Iran -- 3 Bush and Blair opened Iraq to al-Qaeda and ISIS -- 4 In Afghanistan the USA trained future members of al-Qaeda and American foreign policy backfired -- 5 The West opened Libya to Islamic terrorism -- SECTION 3 China and Russia -- 6 Mao turned China capitalist -- 7 Stalin caused the collapse of the Soviet Union -- SECTION 4 The Second World War -- 8 France helped cause the Second World War -- 9 Churchill helped cause the Blitz -- SECTION 5 Genocide -- 10 Hitler and the Nazis created Israel -- 11 Genocide backfired in Bosnia and Kosovo -- SECTION 6 Massacres with apparently no reverse results -- 12 Rwanda, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Darfur and ISIS -- SECTION 7 Further unethical policies that have not produced reverse results -- 13 American imperialism in Latin America - exception Cuba -- 14 Recent European imperialism -- SECTION 8 Peacemakers with positive results -- 15 Mahatma Gandhi and non-violent protest -- 16 Nelson Mandela and reconciliation -- 17 Robert Schuman and forgiveness -- Conclusion -- Select Bibliography -- Index.
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AbstractThere is general agreement that humans represent numerical, spatial, and temporal magnitudes from early in development. However, there is disagreement about whether different magnitudes converge within a general magnitude system and whether this system supports behavioral demonstrations of cross‐magnitude interactions at different developmental time points. Using a longitudinal design, we found a relation between children's cross‐magnitude interactions assessed at two developmental time points with different behavioral measures. More specifically, stronger cross‐magnitude interactions in infancy (M = 9.3 months) predicted a stronger cross‐magnitude congruity effect at preschool age (M = 44.2 months), even when controlling for performance on measures of inhibitory control, analogical reasoning, and verbal competence at preschool age. The results suggest a common mechanism for cross‐magnitude interactions at different points in development as well as stability of the underlying individual differences. We argue that this mechanism reflects a nonverbal general magnitude system that is operational early in life and that displays continuity from infancy to preschool age.
