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"This work argues that current cryptocurrency regulation, particularly in the areas of enforcement and compliance, is inadequate. It proposes reflexive regulation as an alternative approach. This book provides strategies for a reflexive regulation approach to cryptocurrencies, developed through the identification of the internal self-regulatory mechanisms of the cryptocurrency system. Apportioning blame for current problems to the regulators' failure to take into account the inherent technical features of cryptocurrencies, the work promotes reflexive regulation in which the law acts at a subsystem-specific level to install, correct, and redefine democratic self-regulatory mechanisms. It provides strategies for this approach, developed through the identification of the internal self-regulatory mechanisms of the cryptocurrency system. These are identified as imbedded in the technical functionality of computer code and consensus-based distributive governance mechanisms respectively. In addition to providing a technical, historical and legal overview of cryptocurrencies, the book concludes by providing recommendations aimed at redirecting code and consensus towards achieving regulatory goals. In this way, it draws from the theory of reflexive law, in order to provide both a substantive and jurisprudential perspective on the regulation of cryptocurrencies and to illustrate how Financial Technology (Fintech) regulation can only be effective once regulators consider both the 'Fin' and the 'tech' in their regulatory approaches. The book will be of interest to researchers, academics and policy-makers working in the areas of Financial Regulation and Jurisprudence, Financial Crime, Banking Regulation, Information Systems, and Information Technology"--

Is sociological theory up to the challenge of understanding and explaining the phenomenon? I think that the kind of sociological theory capable of meeting this challenge has to be cosmopolitan, public, and reflexive. To understand the social and political impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we need to embrace what Ulrich Bech called "methodological cosmopolitan" to investigate a multitude of networks, mechanisms, and processes through which the pandemic reverberates across national borders. At the same time, this cosmopolitan sociology has to be publicly oriented, addressing head-on the urgent matters of concern among citizens, rather than driven by discipline-specific debates that are sheltered within academic settings.

AbstractIn this article, we consider a generic electronic product that can be remanufactured or recycled at the end of its life cycle to generate new profit. We first describe the product return process and then present a customer segmentation model to capture consumers' different behaviors with respect to product return so that the retailer can work more effectively to increase the return volume. In regard to the collaboration between the retailer and the manufacturer, we explore a revenue‐sharing coordination mechanism for achieving a win‐win outcome. The optimality and sensitivity of the critical parameters in four strategies are obtained and examined both theoretically and numerically, which generate insights on how to manage an efficient consumer‐retailer‐manufacturer reverse supply chain, as well as on the feasibility of simplifying such a three‐stage chain structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013

Cell differentiation is accompanied by epigenetic changes leading to precise lineage definition and cell identity. Here we present a comprehensive resource of epigenomic data of human T cell precursors along with an integrative analysis of other hematopoietic populations. Although T cell commitment is accompanied by large scale epigenetic changes, we observed that the majority of distal regulatory elements are constitutively unmethylated throughout T cell differentiation, irrespective of their activation status. Among these, the TCRA gene enhancer (Eα) is in an open and unmethylated chromatin structure well before activation. Integrative analyses revealed that the HOXA5-9 transcription factors repress the Eα enhancer at early stages of T cell differentiation, while their decommission is required for TCRA locus activation and enforced αβ T lineage differentiation. Remarkably, the HOXA-mediated repression of Eα is paralleled by the ectopic expression of homeodomain-related oncogenes in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These results highlight an analogous enhancer repression mechanism at play in normal and cancer conditions, but imposing distinct developmental constraints. ; Work in the laboratory of S. Spicuglia was supported by recurrent funding from Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Aix-Marseille University and by specific grants from the European Union's FP7 Program (agreement 282510-BLUEPRINT), the Foundation for Cancer Research, Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC PJA 20151203149), A*MIDEX (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Plan Cancer 2015 (C15076AS), PlBio-INCA, and Equipe Labelisée Ligue contre le Cancer.

Die Notwendigkeit einer Konstitutionalisierung öffentlicher Ordnung, die den grundlegenden Zusammenhang von privater und öffentlicher Autonomie herstellt und sichert, bringt sich auch im Zusammenhang transnationaler Herrschaftsstrukturen zur Geltung. Diesen normativen Anspruch muss auch eine sich universal verstehende globale Gemeinschaft erheben, der die Wahrung der Menschenrechte obliegt und die deshalb den Rahmen bildet, innerhalb dessen Ansprüche auf Souveränität allein zur Geltung gebracht werden können. Mit Hilfe eines kantisch inspirierten, kosmopolitisch erläuterten Verfassungsbegriffs kann gezeigt werden, wie Forderungen der Konstitutionalisierung öffentlicher Herrschaft auch jenseits des Nationalstaats im Rahmen gesellschaftlicher, politischer und rechtlicher Zusammenhänge strukturbildende Wirkung entfalten. Denn mit der Idee von Verfassung ist die Institutionalisierung von Formen der Koordination und Kooperation verknüpft, die auf die reflexiven und prozeduralen Mechanismen der Bewältigung von Problemen der Inklusion und Exklusion hin ausgelegt sind. In dieser Perspektive können die Strukturmerkmale reflexiver Ordnungsbildung ausgezeichnet sowie die kosmopolitischen und demokratischen Potentiale transnationaler und globaler Konstitutionalisierung freigelegt werden

The article actualizes the problems of ensuring the sustainability of the family at the stages of the normative and non-normative crisis. In the process of family formation in various periods of life, spouses face crisis stages, which on one hand, are due to qualitative changes in marital relations, and on the other hand, are considered as a condition for the further development of interactions between spouses in marriage. Such crisis stages are characterized by different statuses and have corresponding significance in family life. The author approaches this problem by identifying the characteristics of marital relations within harmonious and disharmonious families. The article presents the main characteristics of regulatory and non-regulatory crises in marriage. The factors determining the satisfaction or dissatisfaction with marital relations are revealed. The causes of crisis situations in families of various types are identified, and the basic mechanisms for overcoming them are substantiated.

Reflexive Cartography addresses the adaptation of cartography, including its digital forms (GIS, WebGIS, PPGIS), to the changing needs of society, and outlines the experimental context aimed at mapping a topological space. Using rigorous scientific analysis based on statement consistency, relevance of the proposals, and model accessibility, it charts the transition from topographical maps created by state agencies to open mapping produced by citizens. Adopting semiotic theory to uncover the complex communicative mechanisms of maps and to investigate their ability to produce their own messag

Considerable attention has recently been directed towards the analysis of pluralism in social science, not least in economics. Plurality is often taken as a mark of pluralism. But it is not the same thing, and often indicates little more than a disconnected fragmentation of contributions to a topic. We believe, in fact, that such fragmentation is rife in modern social theorising, and identify numerous causes. We subsequently examine the possibility of using an ontologically reflexive form of pluralism to achieve a greater degree of theoretical integration between various strands of thought than has hitherto been the case. We conclude by stressing the need to be aware of ontological presuppositions in social theorising. Our motivation is a concern with advancing a 'the pluralist project' in which, where feasible, an integration of ideas takes centre stage.

The temporary absence of a parent (e.g., due to incarceration, migration, or military deployment) is experienced by many youth and can have profound effects. Available research within these disparate literatures primarily has catalogued contextual and individual variables that influence youth adaptation, which are integrated and summarized here. In addition, we present a systematic review of proximal family process mechanisms by which youth and their family members adapt to periods of temporary parent absence. This systematic review across the different types of parent absence produced four themes: communication among family members, parenting characteristics during absence, negotiation of decision-making power and authority, and shifts in family roles. By juxtaposing the three types of temporary parent absence, we aim to bridge the separate research silos of parent absence due to incarceration, deployment, and migration, and to bring wide-ranging characteristics and processes of temporary parent-absent families into sharper focus. The review highlights possibilities for fuller integration of these literatures, and emphasizes the clinical value of considering these types of experiences from a family and relational perspective, rather than an individual coping perspective.