In the semi-arid region of the Sahel, climate change is already affecting the farming systems and these impacts are expected to heighten in the near to mid-century. Given the complexities and conflicting drivers at play and the foreseeable negative consequences on the livelihoods of the majority of farmers, it is worthwhile designing relevant adaptation packages that will alleviate these effects. In this study, we envision to assess the implications of implementing two adaptation packages within the context of three West African farming systems specifically located in Ghana (Navrongo), Mali (Koutiala) and Senegal (Nioro). The first adaptation package is composed of heat and drought tolerant species along with an economic and policy level intervention through the delivery of subsidies to acquire improved varieties. The second pack builds on the first but adds a fertilizer component (splitting and timing to account for extreme events) and a policy variable in the form of index-based insurance adoption. The design process included interactions with a diverse set of stakeholders. The outcomes of these adaptation options on current and future agricultural systems will shed light on the projected adoption rates of climate adapted-systems and show how these various adaptations affect the impacts of climate change, keeping congruence with the relevant representative agricultural pathways. (Texte intégral)
Diese Doktorarbeit besteht aus vier Artikeln welche die Entwicklungen im EU Raps- und Rapsölmarkt analysieren. Die Entwicklung geschah unter dem Einfluss zunehmender Biokraftstoffnachfrage, sich ändernden Biokraftstoffpolitiken und zeitweisen Preisanstiegen für Agrarprodukte. Die Rapsproduktion stieg zu Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends mit dem Aufstreben der Biodieselindustrie stark an. Die Forschung fokussiert auf den Einfluss der großindustriellen Biokraftstoffproduktion auf die Agrarmärkte. Dabei wird insbesondere auf den Europäischen Biodieselmarkt eingegangen. Dieser entwickelte sich im Vergleich zu den etablierten Ethanolmärkten in den USA und Brasilien erst in den letzten Jahren und zeigt spezifische Eigenschaften, die in dieser Arbeit untersucht werden. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt auf der Preisentwicklung im Biodiesel- und Ölsaatenmarkt. Mit Blick auf die physischen Handelsströme im Ölsaatenmarkt wird es schnell klar, dass der Biodieselmarkt im Laufe des vergangenen Jahrzehnts an Bedeutung für den Ölsaatenmarkt gewonnen hat. Diese Arbeit trägt zum Stand der Forschung bei, indem eine detaillierte Analyse der Preisentwicklungen im EU-Biodieselmarkt durchgeführt wird. Die Arbeit basiert auf vier Artikeln die sich bestimmten Fragen betreffend des EU-Ölsaatenmarktes widmen. Die ersten beiden Studien basieren auf Markov-Sprung Vektor Fehlerkorrektur Modellen. Im dritten Artikel wird ein Multivariates GARCH Modell genutzt. In der vierten Studie liegt der Fokus auf der Politikfolgenabschätzung. Dieser nichtökonometrische Ansatz wurde gewählt, um Fragen bezüglich der Bioenergie Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen zu beantworten und die Auswirkungen auf das rapsbasierte Biodiesel und den Biokraftstoffsektor insgesamt zu analysieren. ; This PhD thesis comprises four articles which focus on the analysis of recent developments in the European rapeseed and rapeseed oil markets. These developments took place under the impacts of growing biofuel demand, changing biofuel policies and temporary price increases of agricultural commodities. Rapeseed production grew in the beginning of the new millennium with the rise of the biodiesel industry. This research focuses on the impact of large scale biofuel use on agricultural markets. The market chosen is the rapeseed-based biodiesel market in Europe. It has developed more recently than the commercially established ethanol market in the US or Brazil and shows special characteristics which will be discussed in this thesis. The focus of this thesis lies on commodity price developments in the biodiesel and oilseed markets. Regarding the physical flows in the oilseed market, it becomes obvious that the biodiesel market grew in its importance for the oilseed market during the past decade This thesis contributes to the literature by providing a detailed analysis of price developments in the EU biodiesel market. It consists of four studies, each of which aims to answer specific questions concerning the EU oilseed and biodiesel markets by applying suitable methods. The first two studies are based on Markov-switching Vector Error Correction Models. The third paper uses a Multivariate General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model and the fourth paper is designed as a policy impact assessment. This non-econometric approach is used to answer questions concerning the sustainability criteria for bioenergy and their consequences for rapeseed-based biodiesel and the biofuel sector in general.
Considerando as relações de sexo/gênero como relações estruturantes, consubstanciadas com os conflitos de classe e raça, esse artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o impacto do desmonte das Políticas Sobre Drogas do Recife no acesso e permanência de mulheres exploradas sexualmente e que fazem uso de crack nos serviços da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS). Por estarem inseridas em um sistema patriarcal, sexista, proibicionista e classista, essas mulheres têm seus direitos ainda mais violados pelo crescente conservadorismo e criminalização das suas vidas e dos seus corpos. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, bem como pesquisa de campo.
