Suchergebnisse

During recent transformations of Polish economy the foreign trade is supposed to answer a purpose of acting in favour of acceleration and lowering the costs of development. The diagnosis of the situation indicates a series of disquieting phenomenons such as disbalancing of commercial balance, lowering in export profitability, unfavourable wares structure in foreign exchange and high indebtedness abroad. Hence the tasks for Polish foreign trade policy must focus on the need of rising the competitiveness of export and diminishing import share in the volume of trade. The above task is feasible within the framework of strategy aimed at accelerated development of export and mild reduction of import. In the case of protection policy the point is to determine the scope of the protection and to make a choice of protective means for home market. Lack of perfection in functioning of market mechanisms in present Polish economy justifies today mild kind of protection policy with additionally some rigour builtin the whole of the system. Less efficiency in traditional protective means (custom duties, rates of exchange) suggests appealing to other more selective means (anti-dumping and anti-subventionning procedures, agreements and standards relating to goods quality as well as restructural clause). As far as rates of exchange policy is concerned the basic dilemma is the choice of the kind of the rate. Functional reorientation of the rate of exchange is justified because of disbalanced commercial balance: the range of oscillation should be enlarged and steady monthly devaluation - eliminated; the result should be more importance of reaction on external balance. Main conclusion is the constatation of the need for elaboration of long-term policy in Polish foreign trade - including clearly defined tasks and means to realize them. This shall permit to get optimal the process of solving the dilemmas emerging with more intensity during transformation of the economy. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The aim of the article was to analyse the Germany's European policy under the rule of Chancellor A. Merkel in terms of solving emerging crises in the European Union in the 21st century. The author presented a thesis that despite the scale of problems, Chancellor Merkel was successful in finding solutions favourable to Europe. Her methods were often controversial and debatable, but she was able to break the resistance of her opponents. After Brexit, her greatest objectives were to maintain the cohesion of Member States and to guide the EU safely through the COVID-19 epidemic. ; Celem artykułu była analiza polityki europejskiej Niemiec pod rządami kanclerz A. Merkel pod kątem rozwiązywania zaistniałych kryzysów w Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku. Autor przedstawił tezę, że pomimo skali problemów, kanclerz Merkel na ogół z powodzeniem znajdowała korzystne dla Europy rozwiązania. Jej metody były niejednokrotnie kontrowersyjne i dyskusyjne, ale potrafiła przełamać opór swoich przeciwników. Po Brexicie jej największą zasługą było utrzymanie spoistości państw członkowskich i bezpieczne prowadzenie UE przez epidemię COVID-19.

The article attempts at defining a position and a role of a foreign trade enterprise in the conditions of implementation of the economic reform. The analysis of the previous practical solutions and theoretical assumptions leads to advancing a thesis that both the position and the role of these enterprises in the Polish economy are decided by the following factors: means of realization the Stahte monopoly of a foreign trade, and the related salutions in the sphere of organizing the foreign trade machinery, the existing system of managing the State economy and targets ow the foreign trade in the State economy. The author analyses and evaluates those factors and their influence on the conception of position and role of those enterprises in the economic system adopted on a. given stage of the State's economic development. A problem of position and role of those enterprises to be played in the future after implementation of the reform is also analysed. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The author presents the conception of using foreign trade turnovers as well as the main elements and principles of the system of foreign trade in conditions of Poland's economy. At the beginning the author is analizing means of using foreign trade in a planning economy in short and long terms. Then he passes over to the basic problem: to the concept of a construction of the mechanism of foreign trade in the system of our economy. The essential elements of actual mechanism of foreign trade are as follows: 1) concentration of almost all decisions concerning the economic foreign transaction on the central level, 2) choice of the commodity structure of foreign trade on the basic calculation of the central plan, 3) institutional and economic separation of the foreign trade from production, 4) autonomous character of the system of home market prices in regard to the world market prices, 5) sovereign of a monetary system and the passive function of the rate of exchange. The last part of this article consists of analyzing directions of the evolution of the mechanism of foreign trade. The author presents here these reforms mainly, which in result of the sharp criticism of the previous system consist of a certain degree of decentralization of management of foreign trade. The deviations from the assumptions of this model concerning here are: activity of the calculation enterprises and incentives at the level of the enterprise, decentralization of certain decisions in foreign trade, and incentival action of prices system in the sphere of the plan fulfillment. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016