Suchergebnisse

Population policies are deliberately constructed or modified institutional arrangements and/or specific programs through which governments influence, directly or indirectly, demographic change. For any given country, the aim of population policy may be narrowly construed as bringing about quantitative changes in the membership of the territorially circumscribed population under the government's jurisdiction. Governments' concern with population matters can also extend beyond the borders of their own jurisdictions. Thus, international aspects of population policy have become increasingly salient. This Population Council working paper briefly discusses how individual and collective interests were reconciled in traditional societies, summarizes the population policy approaches adopted by the classic liberal state, and sketches government responses to the low-fertility demographic regime that emerged in the West between the two World Wars.

Intro -- Foreword -- Publisher´s Note -- Introduction: The Political Demography of Nation-State Building -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- Part I: Demographic Engineering and Territorial Integrity -- Chapter 1: From Emigratie to Transmigrasi -- The Making of an Emigration Policy -- Transmigration: Migration Policies After Independence, 1945-1965 -- Regional Responses to Sukarno´s Transmigration Policies -- Summary -- Chapter 2: Transmigration and New Order´s Development Plan -- National Development Policy: An Overview -- The Role of Provincial Government -- The First Plan, 1969-1973/1974 -- The Second Plan, 1974-1979/1980 -- The Third Plan, 1980-1984/1985 -- The Fourth Plan, 1985-1988/1989 -- The Fifth and Sixth Plans, 1989-1998 -- Summary -- Chapter 3: The Central-Regional Contexts of Transmigration: Riau and South Kalimantan -- Riau, Sumatra -- South Kalimantan -- Central Decisions and Regional Implementation -- Regional Responses to Central´s Plan Formulation -- Unresolved Problem of Policy Coordination -- Conclusion: Transmigration, an Ideological Policy -- Part II: Migration, Development, and Centralized State -- Chapter 4: Migration Patterns and Development -- Migration Study in Indonesia -- Modes and Patterns -- Determinants and Consequences -- Migration and Increasing Inequality -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Underdevelopment and the Politics of Migration in Eastern Indonesia -- The Underdeveloped Region -- Eastern Indonesia Within New Order´s Central-Regional Contexts -- Population Mobility in Eastern Indonesia -- Politics of Migration: East Timor and Irian Jaya -- Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 6: West Kalimantan: The Political Demography of Borderland -- Border in the Center´s Perception -- Migration and Social-Demographic Changes -- Observation of Two Borderland´s Sites: Jagoi Babang and Entikong.

This study first offers a general outline of Palestinian population growth between 1948 and 1987, and then focuses on the town of Nablus in the early 1950s for a detailed analysis of the economic forces that instigated Palestinian migration to Jordan and the Gulf. The author shows how the recession that struck the Arab oil economies in the early 1980s, by slowing down the migratory movement, shut off the valve that had afforded the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza relief from economic pressures. When during those same years the Israeli government instigated a policy of reducing investments in these territories, the Palestinians found themselves in a no-win situation, with their economic plight forming one of the main factors for the eruption of the Intifada in December 1987. Finally, following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in July 1990, most of the 300,000 or so Palestinians who had been working there left (or were forced to leave) and made their way to Jordan. The author analyses how Jordan, in coping with the resulting demographic and economic pressures, adopted an antinatalist policy despite powerful political and social forces working against such a programme.

This article presents an analysis of the professional and political activities of the demographer Roberto Bachi prior to Israel's establishment as a state in 1948. The article describes his involvement in two interconnected major areas: first, his advocacy of pro-natal policies, connected to a nation-building strategy by the Jewish population to achieve numerical dominance over Arab Palestinians in areas to be incorporated in the Jewish state, and second, the development of Jewish ethnic distinctions, particularly the 'Mizrahi type', to track differences in birthrates and changing cultural features within the Jewish population. The article also revises the historical record by showing the importance of this ethnic classification in the years prior to the large waves of Jewish immigration from Arab countries. Without the reworking of the popular category 'Mizrahi' into a scientifically systematized category by a demographer who would become the head of the state's Central Bureau of Statistics upon its founding in 1948, this binary social epistemology could not be as strong and legitimate as it actually was. Two factors account for Bachi's success. First was his ability to provide a new way of understanding the present in terms of the future. His numerical predictions on the Jewish and Arab demographic development made statistics and demography an indispensable technology for public policy and social planning. Second was his role as a boundary actor – a unique mediating position between political and scientific spheres. The Israeli case study exemplifies similar dynamics found in other countries during periods of structuring the modern state, namely, processes in which experts of infrastructural knowledge such as statistics and demography saw themselves as responsible for the national progress and its social modernity.