Suchergebnisse

Objective: Identifying meanings that American populations assign to parasitic intestinal diseases and raising potential conflicts or dilemmas in making-decision in various health activities result of the contact between traditional and biomedical perspectives. Methodology: Bibliographic review on intestinal parasites that met the inclusion criteria and supply insights for hermeneutics understanding of intestinal parasites and allow identify bioethical dilemmas for health activities resulting from contact between the emic and ethical visions (of biomedicine). Results: The social construction of parasitic intestinal diseases influences their perception of causality, harmfulness and as a health problem. This affects actions that people undertake to these diseases. People's perception of the diseases can be different to the health professionals. Sometimes ethnoanatomy is related to beneficial effects from the parasites. People recognize risk factors but this does not necessarily lead to preventive behaviors. Some researches recognize informative education without community participation is not successful because people do not feel motivated to transform your reality. There were established various bioethical dilemmas arising from contact between emic and biomedical perspectives. Conclusions: Emic approach allows us to understand people´s logic about intestinal parasites. Although people recognize infection risks from an etic perspective, health officers' lack of understanding of emic perspective of parasitic intestinal diseases, and the poor living conditions cannot produce changes that affect the reduction on prevalence rates. Those facts will affect the success of care, prevention, promotion and health education programs. The emic perspective is not definitely. There are a lot of infrastructural conditions that developed different conflict situations for the work of the health professionals. They can provide elements for prevention and promotion strategies and programs, but depending on the socio-economical (poverty, community participation and empowerment) and political (i.e. leadership, formal commitments) conditions can be used or not. The last conclusion is that many ethical and moral problems must be analyzed by bioethics. ; Objetivo: Identificar sentidos que pueblos del continente americano le asignan a las parasitosis intestinales y plantear posibles conflictos o dilemas en las tomas de decisiones en diferentes actividades de salud producto del encuentro de valores distintos, campo de acción de la bioética. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de artículos sobre parasitosis intestinales que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión establecidos y suministraran aportes para la comprensión hermenéutica de las parasitosis intestinales y permitieran identificar dilemas bioéticos para actividades en salud resultantes del contacto entre las visiones émica y ética (de la biomedicina). Resultados: La construcción social de las parasitosis intestinales influye en su percepción de causalidad, nocividad y como problema de salud, lo cual afecta las acciones que la gente emprenda ante ellas. Se advierte que tales construcciones sociales pueden no coincidir con la perspectiva biomédica. Se observó que en algunas poblaciones la construcción social del cuerpo se relaciona con la percepción de efectos benéficos de los parásitos. La gente reconoce factores de riesgo pero esto no necesariamente conduce a comportamientos preventivos. Algunos estudios reconocen que la educación ha sido de tipo informativo, sin participación comunitaria, lo cual impide que la gente se identifique con ella y se sienta motivada a transformar su realidad. Se identificaron diversos dilemas bioéticos producto del contacto entre visiones de las poblaciones, y la biomedicina. Conclusiones: La aproximación émica permite entender la lógica de la población sobre las parasitosis intestinales e identificar disyuntivas bioéticas. Aunque la gente reconozca los riesgos de infección, la falta de comprensión de la perspectiva émica de los parasitismos por parte del personal de salud y las deficientes condiciones de vida permiten que no se produzcan transformaciones que incidan en la disminución de sus prevalencias. Eso mismo afectará el éxito de programas de atención, prevención, promoción y educación en la salud. Pero el análisis de la visión émica, aunque es fundamental, no lo es todo. En el problema de las parasitosis intestinales intervienen también condiciones infraestructurales, que conllevan situaciones conflictivas para los profesionales de la salud, como agentes externos a las comunidades. Se pueden hacer campañas de educación que efectivamente mejoren la prevención, pero realidades socio-económicas (por ejemplo, pobreza, participación comunitaria, empoderamiento,) y políticas (compromisos y acciones de líderes y gobiernos a diferentes niveles) pueden incidir para que lo que se aprendió no surta el efecto deseado o que se modifiquen las condiciones estructurales que generan los problemas. En este punto se generan problemas morales que deberían ser analizados por la bioética. ; Objetivo: Identificar sentidos que povos das Américas atribuem às parasitoses intestinais e formular potenciais conflitos ou dilemas nas tomada de decisões em várias atividades de saúde produto do encontro de valores diferentes, o escopo da bioética. Metodologia: pesquisa de artigos sobre parasitoses intestinais que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e forneceram contribuições para a compreensão hermenêutica das parasitoses intestinais e permitiram identificar dilemas bioé- ticos para atividades de saúde decorrentes do contato entre as visões émicas e éticas (da biomedicina) . Resultados: A construção social das parasitoses intestinais influencia na sua percepção de causalidade, nocividade e como um problema de saúde, o que afeta as ações que as pessoas empreendem diante deles. Você é avisado de que tais construções sociais podem não corresponder à perspectiva biomédica. Observou-se que em algumas populações, a construção social do corpo está relacionada com a percepção de efeitos benéficos dos parasitas. As pessoas reconhecem fatores de risco, mas isso não conduz necessariamente a comportamentos preventivos. Alguns estudos reconhecem que a educação tem sido do tipo informativo, sem a participação da comunidade, o que impede que as pessoas se identifiquem com ela e se sinta motivada para mudar sua realidade. Identificaram-se vários dilemas bioéticos produto do contato entre as visões das populações e da biomedicina. Conclusões: A abordagem émica permite entender a lógica das pessoas sobre os parasitas intestinais, e identificar os dilemas bioéticos. Embora as pessoas reconheçam os riscos de infecção, a falta de compreensão da perspectiva émica dos parasitismos por parte do pessoal de saúde e as condições de vida precárias permitem que não haja transformações que afetem na diminuição das suas prevalências. Isso mesmo afetará o sucesso de programas de atenção, preven- ção, promoção e educação em saúde. Mas, a análise da visão émica, embora seja essencial, não é tudo. No problema das parasitoses intestinais também interferem condições de infraestrutura, que implicam situações conflitivas para os profissionais de saúde, e para agentes de fora para as comunidades. Você pode fazer campanhas de educação que efetivamente melhorem a prevenção, mas realidades socioeconômicas (por exemplo, pobreza, participação da comunidade, empoderamento) e políticas (compromissos e ações de líderes e governos em diferentes níveis) podem influenciar para que o que é se aprendeu não dei o efeito pretendido ou que se modifiquem as condições estruturais que criam os problemas. Neste momento são gerados questões morais que deveriam ser analisados pela bioética.

A retrospective study was designed to investigate the prevalence of poultry diseases in southern Somalia (Mogadishu, Baidoa and Kismayo Cities) from January 2018 to August 2020. A total of 4042 diseased cases were recorded, among them the prevalence of viral diseases was noticed higher in all three Cities (Mogadishu City: 37.36%, Baidoa City: 39.53% and Kismayo City: 46%) followed by bacterial disease, parasitic disease and non-infectious disease (Mogadishu City: 30.64%, 17.25%, 14.42%, Baidoa City: 32.11%, 14.84%, 12.19% and Kismayo City: 30.39%, 14.93%, 10.28% respectively). As far we know, no such report was published yet so we conduct this study which may help in developing control strategies against poultry diseases and formulating the policy at government level in future.

Globalization and the intensification of tourism in tropical and subtropical areas as well as journeys within the framework of military missions often cause the spread and persistence of infectious and parasitic diseases in areas where they previously have not been reported. Protozoan diseases may also be introduced along with imported, often illegally, exotic animals. Parasitic diseases transmitted from subtropical and tropical regions include protozoan gastrointestinal disorders, such as amoebiasis, balantidiasis and blood protozoan diseases such as malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, or protozoan diseases of the skin, e.g. leishmaniasis. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the problem of disregard for the risks caused by the development of tourism to tropical countries. One has to bear in mind that being infected with blood protozoan parasites is particularly important for public health because it permanently or temporarily excludes those infected as potential blood donors; this applies to trypanosoma, babesiosis and malaria infections. One should presume that the number of cases of parasitic blood diseases in Poland has increased significantly in comparison with previous years. It should also be emphasized that in connection with diagnostic difficulties in diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, it is possible that these diseases may fail to be diagnosed, thus resulting in an incorrect treatment or a lack thereof. This applies to Trypanosoma infections, babesiosis and malaria.

Globalization and the intensification of tourism in tropical and subtropical areas as well as journeys within the framework of military missions often cause the spread and persistence of infectious and parasitic diseases in areas where they previously have not been reported. Protozoan diseases may also be introduced along with imported, often illegally, exotic animals. Parasitic diseases transmitted from subtropical and tropical regions include protozoan gastrointestinal disorders, such as amoebiasis, balantidiasis and blood protozoan diseases such as malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, or protozoan diseases of the skin, e.g. leishmaniasis. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the problem of disregard for the risks caused by the development of tourism to tropical countries. One has to bear in mind that being infected with blood protozoan parasites is particularly important for public health because it permanently or temporarily excludes those infected as potential blood donors; this applies to trypanosoma, babesiosis and malaria infections. One should presume that the number of cases of parasitic blood diseases in Poland has increased significantly in comparison with previous years. It should also be emphasized that in connection with diagnostic difficulties in diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, it is possible that these diseases may fail to be diagnosed, thus resulting in an incorrect treatment or a lack thereof. This applies to Trypanosoma infections, babesiosis and malaria.

ABSTRACTThe epicentre of the global HIV epidemic is southern Africa. Previous explanations point to migration patterns and highly skewed income distribution, both thought to promote risky sexual behaviour. This study emphasizes the importance of common infectious and parasitic diseases that increase the likelihood of HIV transmission by increasing contagiousness and vulnerability to infection. Using multiple regression analysis on country‐level data, the authors find that socio‐economic variables explain statistically only one‐tenth of the difference in HIV prevalence between southern Africa and other low‐ and middle‐income countries. Measures of five cofactor infections together with the socio‐economic variables, however, explain statistically about two‐thirds of the southern Africa difference in HIV prevalence. They conclude that the relative affluence of countries in southern Africa and historical migration patterns have tended to mask the vulnerability of the majority of their populations who are poor and who have very high prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases. Those diseases replicate a cycle of poverty that produces biological vulnerability through coinfections. An important implication of this research is that integrating treatment of endemic diseases with other HIV‐prevention policies may be necessary to slow the spread of HIV.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that malaria, a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes, causes over 300 million episodes of "acute illness" and more than one million deaths annually. Most of the deaths occur in poor countries of the tropics, and especially sub-Saharan Africa. Some researchers have suggested that ecological differences associated with malaria prevalence are perhaps the most important reason why some countries today are rich and others poor. This paper explores the question in an explicit dynamic general equilibrium framework, using a calibrated model that incorporates epidemiological features into a standard general equilibrium framework.

Background This paper explores the framings of trypanosomiasis, a widespread and potentially fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina species) affecting both humans and livestock. This is a country case study focusing on the political economy of knowledge in Zambia. It is a pertinent time to examine this issue as human population growth and other factors have led to migration into tsetse-inhabited areas with little historical influence from livestock. Disease transmission in new human-wildlife interfaces such as these is a greater risk, and opinions on the best way to manage this are deeply divided. Methods A qualitative case study method was used to examine the narratives on trypanosomiasis in the Zambian policy context through a series of key informant interviews. Interviewees included key actors from international organisations, research organisations and local activists from a variety of perspectives acknowledging the need to explore the relationships between the human, animal and environmental sectors. Principal Findings Diverse framings are held by key actors looking from, variously, the perspectives of wildlife and environmental protection, agricultural development, poverty alleviation, and veterinary and public health. From these viewpoints, four narratives about trypanosomiasis policy were identified, focused around four different beliefs: that trypanosomiasis is protecting the environment, is causing poverty, is not a major problem, and finally, that it is a Zambian rather than international issue to contend with. Within these narratives there are also conflicting views on the best control methods to use and different reasoning behind the pathways of response. These are based on apparently incompatible priorities of people, land, animals, the economy and the environment. The extent to which a One Health approach has been embraced and the potential usefulness of this as a way of reconciling the aims of these framings and narratives is considered throughout the paper. Conclusions/Significance While there has historically been a lack of One Health working in this context, the complex, interacting factors that impact the disease show the need for cross-sector, interdisciplinary decision making to stop rival narratives leading to competing actions. Additional recommendations include implementing: surveillance to assess under-reporting of disease and consequential under-estimation of disease risk; evidence-based decision making; increased and structurally managed funding across countries; and focus on interactions between disease drivers, disease incidence at the community level, and poverty and equity impacts.

This brief analyzes malaria in Guinea and its impacts on individuals and the society. It consists of a geographic and demographic presentation of Guinea which includes information about its location, climate, natural resources, ethnic groups, politics and social internal and external challenges where human trafficking, lack of healthcare and refugees are discussed. The brief analyzes malaria´s transmission, diagnosis, preventions and a suggestion for an intervention. Malaria is a vector-borne disease, which means that living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans, spread malaria. 70 percent of all malaria deaths occur in age years, but other groups at high risk are infants, pregnant women, patients with HIV/AIDS, and migrating people (travelers) that are non-immune. The incidence of malaria was 367.8 per 1,000 people at the risk year 2015. Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents death. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are the most effective prevention interventions and preferred in public health programs. The suggested intervention is increasing education which is advocated to promote healthier behavior by creating awareness of risk factors, the symptoms and when to seek health care.

BACKGROUND: CRISPR-based diagnostics are a new class of highly sensitive and specific assays with multiple applications in infectious disease diagnosis. SHERLOCK, or Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing, is one such CRISPR-based diagnostic that combines recombinase polymerase pre-amplification, CRISPR-RNA base-pairing, and LwCas13a activity for nucleic acid detection. METHODS: We developed SHERLOCK assays capable of detecting all Plasmodium species known to cause human malaria and species-specific detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum, the species responsible for the majority of malaria cases worldwide. We further tested these assays using a diverse panel of clinical samples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Thailand and pools of Anopheles mosquitoes from Thailand. In addition, we developed a prototype SHERLOCK assay capable of detecting the dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) single nucleotide variant A581G associated with P. falciparum sulfadoxine resistance. FINDINGS: The suite of Plasmodium assays achieved analytical sensitivities ranging from 2*5-18*8 parasites per reaction when tested against laboratory strain genomic DNA. When compared to real-time PCR, the P. falciparum assay achieved 94% sensitivity and 94% specificity during testing of 123 clinical samples. Compared to amplicon-based deep sequencing, the dhps SHERLOCK assay achieved 73% sensitivity and 100% specificity when applied to a panel of 43 clinical samples, with false-negative calls only at lower parasite densities. INTERPRETATION: These novel SHERLOCK assays demonstrate the versatility of CRISPR-based diagnostics and their potential as a new generation of molecular tools for malaria diagnosis and surveillance. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health (T32GM007092, R21AI148579, K24AI134990, R01AI121558, UL1TR002489, P30CA016086).

DRACUNCULIASIS (GUINEA WORM DISEASE) IS A PARASITIC disease that is limited to remote, rural villages in 13 sub-Saharan African countries that do not have access to safe drinking water. It is one the next diseases targeted for eradication by the World Health Organization. Guinea worm disease is transmitted by drinking water containing copepods (water fleas) that are infected with Dracunculiasis medinensis larvae. One year after human ingestion of infected water a female adult worm emerges, typically from a lower extremity, producing painful ulcers that can impair mobility for up to several weeks. This disease occurs annually when agricultural activities are at their peak. Large proportions of economically productive individuals of a village are usually affected simultaneously, resulting in decreased agricultural productivity and economic hardship. Eradication of guinea worm disease depends on prevention, as there is no effective treatment or vaccine. Since 1986, there has been a 98% reduction in guinea worm disease worldwide, achieved primarily through community-based programs. These programs have educated local populations on how to filter drinking water to remove the parasite and how to prevent those with ulcers from infecting drinking-water sources. Complete eradication will require sustained high-level political, financial and community support.