Suchergebnisse

Apple pomace was studied as a possible raw material for biobutanol production. Five different soft physicochemical pretreatments (autohydrolysis, acids, alkalis, organic solvents and surfactants) were compared. The pretreated biomass was subsequently subjected to a conventional enzymatic treatment to complete the hydrolysis. One of the hydrolysates was readily fermented by Clostridium beijerinckii CECT 508 in 96 h (3.55 g/L acetone, 9.11 g/L butanol, 0.26 g/L ethanol; 0.276 gB/gS yield; 91% sugar consumption). Therefore, it is possible to optimise pretreatment conditions of lignocellulosic apple pomace to reduce inhibitor concentrations in the final hydrolysate and perform successful ABE fermentations without the need of a detoxification stage. ; This document is a pre-print version of the manuscript that was subsequently peer-reviewed and accepted for publication by the journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Vol. 101, pages 8041-8052, year 2017). The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8522-z. The present work has been performed as part of the H2020-LCE-2015 Waste2Fuels project (Sustainable production of next generation biofuels from waste streams - Waste2Fuels; GA - 654623), funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. MH-V is supported by a postdoctoral contract (DOC-INIA, grant number DOC 2013-010) funded by the Spanish Agricultural and Agrifood Research Institute (INIA) and the European Social Fund. The authors thank Novozymes for kindly providing samples of their enzymes. Authors thank R. Antón del Río, N. del Castillo Ferreras and G. Sarmiento Martínez for their technical help.

Traditional olive orchards account for a large share of the area under olives in the EU, particularly in marginal areas. Traditional olive growing can survive only by improving olive farmer incomes and recognizing its multifunctional role. Italy is the second largest olive oil producer of the European Union, and Umbria can be considered as one of the most interesting regions because of the high quality production of extra virgin olive oil and a close connection with traditional knowledge and the local environment. The regional olive oil chain involves about 30,000 farms growing olive trees covering about 27,000 ha and including 270 oil mills. The olive oil production phase comprises the extraction of the oil and additional by-products (water, pomace and husk). By-product management is very important; the olive oil mill wastes have a great impact on soil and water environments because of high phyto-toxicity (phenol, lipid and organic acids). On the other hand, such wastes may be potentially valuable.

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition (total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content and the antioxidant activity) of 11 apple (Malus domestica) cultivars in fresh apples and their processing by-products — apple pomace and its water extract. In addition, the proportion of chemical compounds and antioxidant activity in fresh apples and pomace transferred to the resulting water extract was calculated. Three different season's cultivars (autumn–winter, winter and late winter) were selected in the research, and significant differences between chemical parameters within groups were found. Cultivars 'Zarja Alatau', 'Belorusskoje Malinovoje', 'Sinap Orlovskij' and 'Antej' are characterised by a higher content of determined compounds in fresh apples, pomace and po-mace water extract. The results showed that the water extract in relation to fresh apples and apple pomace still contains an appropriate amount of total phenols, flavonoids and tannins in the range 2.5–9.6%. These results indicated that apple pomace water extracts could be recommended for use in food as well as in the pharmaceutical industry.