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Klimaskatter er et af de vigtigste politiske redskaber i den grønne omstilling af økonomien. I Danmark har debatterne om klimaskatter ofte fokuseret på flyrejser og oksekød. Derfor undersøger jeg i denne artikel, hvor stor opbakning der er til sådanne politikker, på baggrund af en undersøgelse indsamlet efter folketingsvalget i 2019. Resultaterne viser, at der er stor opbakning til en klimaskat på flyrejser, men ikke til en klimaskat på oksekød, og at der er variationer i opbakningen til klimaskatterne på tværs af aldersgrupper, indkomst, uddannelse og politisk tillid. Effekten af disse forklaringer varierer mellem klimaskatter på oksekød og flyrejser.

1. The European noble crayfish Astacus astacus is threatened by crayfish plague caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, which is spread by the invasive North American crayfish (e.g. signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus). Surveillance of crayfish plague status in Norway has traditionally relied on the monitoring survival of cage‐held noble crayfish, a method of ethical concern. Additionally, trapping is used in crayfish population surveillance. Here, we test whether environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring could provide a suitable alternative to the cage method, and a supplement to trapping. 2. We took advantage of an emerging crayfish plague outbreak in a Norwegian watercourse following illegal introduction of disease‐carrying signal crayfish, and initiated simultaneous eDNA monitoring and cage‐based surveillance, supplemented with trapping. A total of 304 water samples were filtered from several sampling stations over a 4‐year period. eDNA data (species‐specific quantitative real‐time PCR [qPCR]) for the presence of A. astaci, noble and signal crayfish within the water samples were compared to cage mortality and trapping. 3. This is the first study comparing eDNA monitoring and cage surveillance during a natural crayfish plague outbreak. We show that eDNA monitoring corresponds well with the biological status measured in terms of crayfish mortality and trapping results. eDNA analysis also reveals the presence of A. astaci in the water up to 2.5 weeks in advance of the cage method. Estimates of A. astaci and noble crayfish eDNA concentrations increased markedly during mortality and vanished quickly thereafter. eDNA provides a snapshot of the presence, absence or disappearance of crayfish regardless of season, and constitutes a valuable supplement to the trapping method that relies on season and legislation. 4. Synthesis and applications. Simultaneous eDNA monitoring of Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague) and relevant native and invasive freshwater crayfish species is well‐suited for early warning of invasion or infection, risk assessments, habitat evaluation and surveillance regarding pathogen and invasive/native crayfish status. This non‐invasive, animal welfare friendly method excludes the need for cage‐held susceptible crayfish in disease monitoring. Furthermore, eDNA monitoring is less likely to spread A. astaci than traditional methods. This study resulted in the implementation of eDNA monitoring for Norwegian crayfish plague and crayfish surveillance programmes, and we believe other countries could improve management strategies for freshwater crayfish using a similar approach. ; publishedVersion

Background: Dental caries is the most common chronic disease in children. In Norway there are government sponsored programs that give all children (0-18 years) free public dental treatment. This program seems to reduce the social gap in oral health compared to countries where dental treatment is paid out-of-pocket. There are indications that not all children in Norway benefit equally good from this program. Aims: The first aim of this thesis was to assess caries experience expressed as DMFT/dmft index among children in Northern Norway (Tromsø, Storslett and Mosjøen). The second aim was to investigate the association between children´s oral health and their parents´ socioeconomic position (SEP). Materials and method: This was a cross sectional study, that included 140 children and their parents. The children in the study were between 5 and 12 years old. The sample was recruited at University Dental Clinic in Tromsø (82, 30%), public dental clinic in Storslett (19, 76%) and public dental clinic in Mosjøen (39, 83%). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire asking about the child's gender, age, living area, number of people in the household, how long the child has lived in Norway, who the child lives with, last dental visit and the reason for the visit, rating of the child's oral health, frequency of tooth brushing, help with tooth brushing, use of dental cleaning products, chronic diseases, medication, intake of sugar, parents´ age/education/occupation, household income and residence. DMFT/dmft value was measured on a routinely dental examination by a dentist or a dental hygienist. Results: The total mean caries experience was higher among older children. It was lowest for children at 5 years old (0,1 (0,4)) compared to children at 6-, 7-, 8,- 9, 11- and 12 years old ((0,4 (1,0)), (0,3 (0,7)), (0,5 (1,0)), (0,5 (0,7)), (0,6 (1,2)), (1,1 (2,0)) and (1,0 (1,4)), respectively). This difference was not statistically significance. The odds for a child to have DMFT≥1 decrease by 0,8 with each 50000NOK higher income (p=0,058). Children with a father that only had completed primary school/ high school education had 10,4 times higher odds to have DMFT≥1 (adjusted OR: 10,435; 95% CI1,461-74,513). Conclusions: According to multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, having a father with low education was associated with DMFT≥1 of the child. Even in a rich country like Norway, social inequalities in oral health based on father's education and income already at the age of 5-12 years could be observed. More studies are needed in order to investigate social inequalities among children in Northern Norway.

Crowns, bridges, removable dentures and other dental appliances are custom-made medical devices and are subject to specific legislation. The EU directive 93/42 on medical devices constitutes the legislation that regulates dental laboratory custom-made medical devices. This paper investigates how importers of dental laboratory custom-made devices perform quality control and if the legal requirements for information about the medical device are being followed. Questionnaires were sent to eleven dental laboratories and conveyers who advertise import of dental laboratory custom-made devices. Seven replied. Statements that are to accompany dental laboratory custom-made medical devices were collected from Universitetstannklinikken at the University of Tromsø to investigate if they were filled out in accordance with the legal requirements. Although the legislation demands specific labeling of the custom-made devices, this is not adequately performed by the dental technicians. The law is general in its formulations and has its shortcomings in the daily clinical work of dentists and dental technicians. The existing Norwegian guidelines are outdated in some areas. Updated and more specific guidelines can be a helpful tool for dentists and technicians.

Objective . To explain a reduction in pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes in Arkhangelsk, Russia, in 2005–2010. Study design . Retrospective ecological study. Methods . For 2005–2010, police data on pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes, traffic violations, and total motor vehicles (MVs) were combined with data on changes in national road traffic legislation and municipal road infrastructure. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate trends in monthly rates of pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes per total MVs and estimate changes in these rates per unit changes in the safety measures. Results. During the 6 years, the police registered 2,565 pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes: 1,597 (62%) outside crosswalks, 766 (30%) on non-signalized crosswalks, and 202 (8%) on signalized crosswalks. Crash rates outside crosswalks and on signalized crosswalks decreased on average by 1.1% per month, whereas the crash rate on non-signalized crosswalks remained unchanged. Numbers of signalized and non-signalized crosswalks increased by 14 and 19%, respectively. Also, 10% of non-signalized crosswalks were combined with speed humps, and 4% with light-reflecting vertical signs. Pedestrian penalties for traffic violations increased 4-fold. Driver penalties for ignoring prohibiting signal and failure to give way to pedestrian on non-signalized crosswalk increased 7- and 8-fold, respectively. The rate of total registered drivers' traffic violations per total MVs decreased on average by 0.3% per month. All studied infrastructure and legislative measures had inverse associations with the rate of crashes outside crosswalks. The rate of crashes on signalized crosswalks showed inverse associations with related monetary penalties. Conclusions. The introduction of infrastructure and legislative measures is the most probable explanation of the reduction of pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes in Arkhangelsk. The overall reduction is due to decreases in rates of crashes outside crosswalks and on signalized crosswalks. No change was observed in the rate of crashes on non-signalized crosswalks.

Mange ældre i hjemmeplejen får rigtig meget medicin heriblandt antidepressiv medicin. Med udgangspunkt i en praksis-teoretisk forskningsmetodologi undersøges sammenhæn- gen mellem lægemidler og omsorg i mødet med hjemmeplejen og sårbare ældre. I artiklen interesserer jeg mig således for en speciel form for omsorgsarbejde, lægemiddelarbejdet, udforsket gennem et etnografisk feltarbejde i en kommunal hjemmepleje. Inspireret af Mol (2008), opstiller jeg to modsatrettede logikker: Farmakologiens logik (eller farmakologik) og lægemiddelomsorgens logik. Jeg argumenterer for, at udbredelsen af medicin har ret- tet lægemiddelarbejdet mod farmakologiens generaliserende normer for god lægemiddel-håndtering og at dette er med til at forme den omsorg, der ydes for de ældre. Gennem tre empiriske eksempler viser jeg, hvordan farmakologikken flytter fokus væk fra medicinens sociale effekter, hvordan farmakologikken gør arbejdet med polyfarmaci til et instrumentelt og reduktionistisk pille-pilleri, og hvordan farmakologikken fremmer et fokus på god com- pliance, der skaber akavethed i mødet med den ældre, der udviser modstand mod medicin. Jeg afslutter artiklen med at foreslå et hypotetisk alternativ – lægemiddelomsorgens logik – og argumenterer for gevinsten ved at lade lægemiddelarbejdet styre af en mere dynamisk og fleksibel tilgang til medicin.

Kvinder tjener i gennemsnit mindre pr. time end mænd. I den offentlige sektor er forskellen 12 pct.Denne artikels formål er at belyse, hvorfor der er denne forskel, og at skitsere og diskutere Lønstrukturkomiteens bud på mulige løsninger på fastlåst lønstruktur i den offentlige sektor. Resultaterne viser, at lønforskellen mellem de to køn hænger markantsammen med det kønsopdelte, offentlige arbejdsmarked: Fag med mange kvinder aflønnes lavere end fag med mange mænd. Lav løn i kvindefag rammer både kvinder og mænd, hvorfor lønforskellen snarere handler om aflønning af fag end om aflønningaf køn. Kvindedominerede fag ser ud til at få et lavere afkast af ledelse, erfaring og uddannelse end andre fag. Lønstrukturkomiteen foreslår at forandre en fastlåst lønstruktur mellem personalegrupper ved at justere det offentlige forhandlingssystem, så deti højere grad tilgodeser de forandrede behov i velfærdssamfundet, som skabes over tid – en opgave, der skal løses af arbejdsmarkedets parter.

Korleis kan forsking fremje menneskerettane? Og korleis oppfattar forskarar frå forskjellige fag og disiplinar menneskerettar innanfor si forsking? Kapitla i denne boka er skrivne av 14 forskarar som represen.terer varierande fagtradisjonar og forskingsmetodar. Dei viser at menneske.rettsspørsmål er aktuelle som aldri før, og inspirerer forskarar i eit breitt spekter av fag. Sjølv om menneskerettane tar ulik form i ulike fag, viser boka at dei er viktige også i fag der dei er mindre synlege. Forskarane som skriv i denne boka, konsentrerer seg om grunnleggjande menneskerettar med stikkord som fred, fridom, likskap, verdighet, utdanning og fråver av diskriminering av svake enkeltindivid, grupper eller folk. Forsking har bi.dratt til at desse menneskerettane i dag står sterkare internasjonalt enn nokon gong. Men nettopp fordi menneskerettane er blitt så synlege og internasjonalt nærverande, blir det tydeleg kor grove brota på dei er i .mange land, og kor mykje arbeid som står att før dei er sikra som rettar for alle menneske. Kapitla i boka er reviderte og ajourførte versjonar av foredraga på ein konferanse som menneskerettskomiteen i Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi arrangerte i desember 2015. Jakob Lothe er professor i engelsk litteratur ved Universitetet i Oslo og leiar av menneskerettskomiteen i Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi

The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium-and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement. Decision support tools AS-ISK Hazard identification Non-native species Risk analysis Climate change

This paper describes the extent and variation in health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people within Alaska, Greenland and the northern regions of Canada, Russia and the Nordic countries. We accessed official health statistics and reviewed research studies. We selected a few indicators of health status, health determinants and health care to demonstrate the health disparities that exist. For a large number of health indicators Indigenous people fare worse than non-Indigenous people in the same region or nationally, with the exception of the Sami in the Nordic countries whose health profiles are similar to their non-Sami neighbours. That we were unable to produce a uniform set of indicators applicable to all regions is indicative of the large knowledge gaps that exist. The need for ongoing health monitoring for Indigenous people is most acute for the Sami and Russia, less so for Canada, and least for Alaska, where health data specific to Alaska Natives are generally available. It is difficult to produce an overarching explanatory model for health disparities that is applicable to all regions. We need to seek explanation in the broader political, cultural and societal contexts within which Indigenous people live in their respective regions.

Etter Veitrafikkloven § 40a har fylkeskommunene i Norge et lovfestet ansvar for å rådgi og koordinere trafikksikkerhetsarbeidet innenfor fylkets grenser. Det er flere forhold som kan virke inn på dette arbeidet. Det kan blant annet være formell organisering, delegering av myndighet og ansvar, hvilke aktører som deltar og relasjonene disse imellom, samt personlige egenskaper og relasjoner blant de som deltar i arbeidet. Paperet bygger på en evaluering betydningen organisering har for arbeidet med trafikksikkerhet i norske fylker og et utvalg kommuner. Evalueringen ble gjennomført i 2004 på oppdrag for Statens Vegvesen, Vegdirektoratet. Metodisk sett er evalueringen basert på både på kvalitative intervjuer i et utvalg fylker og kommuner, en bredere spørreskjemakartlegging og analyse av relevante planer og dokumenter.I paperet retter vi fokuset på betydningen koplingen mellom fag og politikk har for fylkes trafikksikkerhetsarbeid. Våre undersøkelser viser at i 2004 hadde 12 av 19 fylker et eget politisk ledet trafikksikkerhetsutvalg, mens de syv resterende fylkene hadde et rådgivende konsultativt organ uten politisk ledelse. Flertallet av fylkene har med andre ord en direkte kopling mellom fag og politikk gjennom fylkes trafikksikkerhetsutvalg, mens noen fylker har valgt å skille fag og politikk ved organisatorisk å holde dette fra hverandre. Denne problemstillingen går inn i en bredere diskusjon om plassering og delegering av myndighet og ansvar for ulike politikkområder, og videre politikernes og administrasjonens rolle. Spørsmålene vi søkerer å besvare er: Hvilken betydning har faglig og politisk samarbeid for fylkets trafikksikkerhetsarbeid? Er det slik at det bør være et skille mellom aktører som gir faglige innspill eller bidrar til å iverksette tiltak, og politiske aktører eller fora der beslutningene fattes? Eller er det snarere tjenelig med et samarbeid faglige og politiske aktørene imellom? Funnene tyder på at den politiske forankringen av fylkes trafikksikkerhetsarbeid er viktig. Der ser ut til at jo sterkere koplingen og samarbeidet er mellom fagorganet som koordinerer trafikksikkerhetsarbeidet og politikere, jo større gjennomslag og legitimitet får trafikksikkerhetsfeltet i fylkespolitikken. I tillegg tyder våre funn på at den politiske deltakelsen også er viktig for legitimiteten og arbeidet i fylkets trafikksikkerhetsutvalg.

Inge Henningsen: "Mainstreaming inden for naturvidenskab - også et spørgsmål om fag", Karen Sjørup: "Mainstreaming af køn i forskningen med udgangspunkt i samfundsvidenskaberne", Nina Lykke: "Hvordan kan kvinde- og kønsforskningen navigere mellem magtens centre og periferiens monstre?"

I et samarbejde mellem DR, Aarhus Universitet og Århundredets Festival i Aarhus udgiver Aarhus Universitetsforlag nu et nyt flermedialt, elevhenvendt undervisningsmateriale til gymnasiet. Det dækker 13 forskellige fag. Lige så mange gymnasielærere har deltaget i udviklingsarbejdet sammen med 18 forskere og forfattere. Resultatet udkommer i 200.000 eksemplarer.Hvordan blev spiren lagt til vor tids videnskabelige viden om universet? I hvilken type økonomi kunne en fæstebonde arbejde sig op og blive en globalt orienteret købmand? Hvornår defineres folkesuveræniteten, som mange anser for truet i d