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ABSTRACTThis paper proposes modelbase construction mechanisms in a decision support system (DSS) for representing and managing models of diverse management science/operations research modeling paradigms, using object‐oriented database management systems (ODBMS) constructs. It focuses on the construction of a modelbase that maintains logical independence among the DSS components including modelbase, database, and solvers, but relieves the mismatching characteristics by facilitating intelligent and stabilized integration of them. As a conceptual framework to build such a modelbase, this research uses generic model concepts, and adopts structured modeling language (SML) as a paradigm‐neutral model representation sublanguage. In the modelbase, three model abstraction layers including model type, model structure, and model instance are devised to facilitate the capture of multiple modeling paradigms and specific application models in different instantiation levels. The constructs and methods discussed are flexible enough to be applied to a wide variety of decision‐making and problem‐solving paradigms. A prototype system is developed under a commercial ODBMS called OBJECTSTORE with the C++ programming language, and diverse model manipulation commands are illustrated by an object‐oriented structured query language (OSQL).

AbstractTim Ingold, while extending the radical undertaking of vitalism, with its Nietzschean matrix, puts the decentering undertaken by this philosophical tradition on a more solid foundation, opening up a new space of interobjective relations. Instead of an epistemic plunge into human categories, the goal is to move towards a broader ontological space, including other sites of meaning, such as chairs, spirits, animals, baskets, and many others. Unlike more classical anthropology, with its well-delimited Anthropos as an inevitable transcendental horizon, Ingold suggests a world where humans are not protagonists, but rather provisional negotiators within a large mesh of subjectless experiences. The model proposed in this essay distances itself from the plane of (neo)-Kantian speculation, converting its contours into something less orthodox by making room for a possible Object-Oriented Anthropology (O.O.A).

This article is devoted to the study of linguoacoustic resources, which are presented in an object-oriented dynamic environment as ready-to-use phrases. The systematization of linguoacoustic resources in the form of a phrasebook in an object-oriented dynamic environment determines the direction of a person in the study of a foreign language at a conscious level and supports this process with the standard of correct speech behavior, for which the acoustic component is primary. The formation of mental actions in an object-oriented dynamic environment occurs gradually due to the fragmentation of linguoacoustic material into doses, followed by assignment with immediate feedback. The presence of audiovisual components that serve as a guideline instead of rules-instructions, speaks of the acquiring of a foreign language at the functional level, which begins with obtaining a standard of speech behavior. The situation, which is given in the audiovisual presentation, contains everything that the linguistic unit contains, so that the learners acting as the characters depicted in the example have no doubts about what kind of speech action they should perform. As a result, the ability to perceive, understand and recognize speech structures in the given communication conditions is formed. In this way, the student becomes proficient due to a system, for which it is necessary not the rote learning, but the meaningful memorizing of learning material.

This thesis deals with the design of distributed algorithms, network protocols, and cooperative applications with an object-oriented approach. This process requires the use of numerous system and network software components. We propose several tools and formalisms to carry out this activity. The originality of our approach is, first, to extend the local point of view of existing object-oriented methods in order to integrate the behaviors of groups of distributed objects, and second, to set up a distributed programming language. Thus, we propose a development process with three methodological levels: group, object, and method. This top-down process introduces, with successive refinement steps, more and more details in the behavioral models. These three levels deals, respectively, with distribution, concurrency, and sequentiality. In this thesis, we are interested in the first two levels. The group level deals with the inter-objects coordination of distributed objects. The interactions inside such groups are defined in terms of knowledge exchanges. They can be seen as the consequences of the run of some global actions performed by all the objects of the group. We put forward four global actions, called distributed control structures, frequently used in distributed applications: the phase, the distributed condition, the distributed iteration, and the distributed recursion. They can be seen as the extension, at a distributed level, of the four following basic algorithmic statements: the sequence, the \em case \em and the \em if \em statements, the \em while \em loop, and the backtrack traversal. We use an epistemic logic to describe the knowledge levels reached by the run of these structures. We propose a syntax, called group level knowledge based program, to describe the global actions and the epistemic predicates used by an application. The object level deals with intra-object coordination. According to the fact that inter-objects coordination is performed by objects whose concurrent activities need to be synchronized, the object level is a refinement of the group level. To carry out the description of intra-object coordination, we propose the CAOLAC language. We implemented it on top of the object language of the GUIDE distributed system. The CAOLAC language is a meta-object protocol that separates synchronization tasks from sequential ones. The former are defined in meta-classes, and the latter in classes. The originality of the CAOLAC language is to use both some state/transition models and some usual object-oriented code to write meta-classes. Each object is associated with a meta-object that traps method calls and that performs some coordination before delivering them to the object. The advantage of this approach is to clearly separate the different functionalities, and to facilitate the reuse of synchronization policies. The semantics of the CAOLAC language is partially defined with Lamport temporal logic of actions. We illustrate our approach with two examples. We present the design of a spanning tree construction distributed algorithm, and of a transactional two phases commit protocol. ; Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la conception d'algorithmes répartis, de protocoles réseaux et d'applications coopératives avec une approche objet. Cette activité, souvent complexe, nécessite la mise en \oe uvre de nombreux mécanismes systèmes et réseaux. Nous proposons donc différents outils et formalismes permettant de mener à bien cette tâche. L'originalité de notre approche est, d'une part, d'étendre le point de vue local des méthodologies de conception existantes afin d'intégrer les comportements de groupes d'objets distribués, et d'autre part, de proposer les premiers éléments d'une démarche systématique d'algorithmique répartie. Ainsi, nous proposons un processus de développement en trois niveaux méthodologiques : groupe, objet et méthode. Ce processus de type descendant permet d'introduire, par raffinements successifs, de plus en plus de détails dans les modèles de comportements. Ces trois niveaux traitent, respectivement, des aspects liés à la distribution, à la concurrence et aux traitements séquentiels. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux deux premiers niveaux. Le niveau groupe concerne la coordination des comportements de groupes d'objets distribués. Nous modélisons les interactions au sein de tels groupes en terme d'échanges de connaissances. Ceux-ci peuvent être vus comme la conséquence d'actions globales entreprises par l'ensemble des objets du groupe. Nous avons mis en évidence quatre actions globales, ou structures de contrôle de groupe, qui apparaissent dans de nombreuses applications distribuées : le schéma de phasage, la conditionnelle distribuée, l'itération distribuée et la récursion distribuée. Elles peuvent être vues comme l'extension, à un niveau réparti, des structures algorithmiques de base que sont, respectivement, la séquence, les instructions de type \em case \em ou \em if\em , les boucles \em while \em et le parcours récursif. Nous utilisons une logique épistémique pour décrire les différents niveaux de connaissance atteints lors de l'exécution de ces structures. Nous proposons une notation appelée programme à base de connaissances de niveau groupe pour exprimer les actions globales et les prédicats épistémiques utilisés par une application. Le niveau objet s'intéresse à la coordination des comportements internes à un objet. C'est un raffinement du niveau précédent, au sens où la coordination inter-objets est implantée par des objets dont les activités concurrentes nécessitent une synchronisation. Pour mener à bien la description de cette coordination intra-objet, nous proposons le langage CAOLAC. Nous en avons réalisé une implantation au-dessus du langage objet du système distribué GUIDE. Le langage CAOLAC se présente sous la forme d'un protocole méta-objet et sépare les aspects de synchronisation des traitements effectifs. Les premiers sont définis dans des méta-classes, tandis que les seconds le sont dans des classes. L'originalité du langage CAOLAC est d'utiliser conjointement un modèle à base d'états et de transitions et du code objet habituel pour l'écriture des méta-classes. Ainsi, chaque objet est associé à un méta-objet qui intercepte les invocations de méthodes et les coordonne avant de les délivrer à l'objet. L'avantage de cette approche est de séparer clairement les différents fonctionnalités et de faciliter la réutilisation des politiques de synchronisation. La sémantique du langage CAOLAC est définie, partiellement, par une logique temporelle, la logique temporelle d'actions de Lamport. Enfin, nous illustrons notre propos par deux études de cas. Nous présentons la conception d'un algorithme réparti de calcul d'arbres couvrants et d'un protocole transactionnel de validation à deux phases.

This paper reflects on the use of objects in qualitative interview methods. We consider the use of objects in "single" research events and in longitudinal designs. This leads us to consider how using objects in interviews situates in relation to time. Emphasizing the materiality of objects as well as how objects help to materialize events, experiences, and accounts, we explore what objects do and how we can practically work with objects, especially in qualitative longitudinal research. Objects in interviews do not simply afford representations or elicitations of participant stories, but become dynamic actors that enable interviews to speak materially. Using vignettes from a longitudinal study investigating experiences of COVID-19 in time, we hone our attention towards the temporal affordances of object methods. We conclude with a list of practical suggestions for using objects in qualitative longitudinal research.

The article of record as published may be found at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2584474 ; Military communications networks are large complex systems; their physical dynamics, composition, workload characteristics and operational goals make them very hard to model and analyse. It is particularly difficult to build a generalized model that can adequately fit each instance, generate a workload that exercises the network in a realistic way, and measure network effectiveness in terms of the operational goals. In this work, we describe our approach to building such a model for the US Marine Corps, and demonstrate the model's use by solving a particular equipment allocation problem. We combine object-oriented simulation with new concepts for workload modelling and measuring effectiveness that are based on the operational tasks the Marines perform.

In the forty years since the seminal article by Black and Scholes (1973), quantitative methods have become indispensable in the assessment, pricing and hedging of financial risk. This is most evident in the techniques used to price derivative financial instruments, but permeates all areas of finance. In fact, the option pricing paradigm itself is being increasingly applied in situations that go beyond the traditional calls and puts. In addition to more complex derivatives and structured financial products, which incorporate several sources of risk, option pricing techniques are employed in situations ranging from credit risk assessment to the valuation of real (e.g. plant) investment alternatives. As quantitative finance has become more sophisticated, it has also become more computationally intensive. For most of the techniques to be practically useful, efficient computer implementation is required. The models, especially those incorporating several sources of risk, have also become more complex. Nevertheless, they often exhibit a surprising amount of modularity and commonality in the underlying method and approach. Ideally, one would want to capitalise on this when implementing the models. C++ is the de facto industry standard in quantitative finance, probably for both of these reasons. Especially for models implemented "in-house" at major financial institutions, computationally intensive algorithms are typically coded in C++ and linked into a spreadsheet package serving as a front-end.

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