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AbstractThe paper uses two rounds of survey to examine the relative returns to micro‐credit for small‐scale businesses in two regions of Ghana. Propensity scores matching and the nearest neighbour matching are used to assess the return to micro‐loans on retail businesses of clients and non‐clients. Micro‐credit impacts on sales, stock, expenses and profit for clients as compared with non‐clients. Women‐owned businesses produce higher returns from micro‐credit than men‐owned businesses. Individual and enterprise characteristics influence access to micro‐credit. The paper offers policy recommendations to microfinance institutions on whom and which business activity to give credit. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Intro -- Title -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The boy who cried wolf -- 2 When is an immigrant not an immigrant? -- 3 The immigrant next door -- 4 The last refuge of a scoundrel -- 5 'You can't talk about immigration …' -- 6 If the cap fits -- 7 Infidel-ity -- 8 Taking the biscuit -- About LBC -- About the Series -- Copyright.

A synthesis of the Lucas-Prescott island model and the Mortensen- Pissarides matching model of unemployment is studied. By assumption, all unmatched workers and jobs are randomly assigned to islands at the beginning of each period and the number of matches that form on a particular island is the minimum of the two realizations. When calibrated to the recently observed averages of U.S. unemployment and vacancy rates, the model fits the observed vacancy-unemployment Beveridge relationship very well and implies an implicit log linear relationship between the job finding rate and the vacancy-unemployment relationship with an elasticity near 0.5. The constrained efficient solution to the model is decentralized by a equilibrium outcome in which wages on each island are determined by a modified auction. Although the efficient solution explains only about 25% of the observed volatility in the U.S. vacancy-unemployment ratio, an equilibrium outcome in which wages are determined as the solution to a strategic bargaining game explains almost all of it.

"Propensity Score Matching bezeichnet eine Klasse nicht- bzw. semiparametrischer Verfahren zur statistischen Abschätzung kausaler Effekte, die ursprünglich im Bereich der Biometrie entwickelt wurden und in den letzten Jahren zunehmend auch in den Sozialwissenschaften Anwendung finden. Neben ihren vergleichsweise sparsamen Modellannahmen und einer methodologisch entsprechend transparenten Vorgehensweise zeichnen sich Matchingverfahren auch dadurch aus, dass die resultierenden Parameterschätzungen leicht interpretierbar sowie direkt auf zentrale Parameter des so genannten Rubin Causal Models bzw. des kontrafaktischen Kausalitätsverständnisses zurückzuführen sind. Die empirische Abschätzung kausaler Effekte mittels Propensity Score Matching erfolgt in drei Analyseschritten: der Entwicklung eines Zuweisungsmodells zur statistischen Kontrolle der antezedierenden Bedingungen des beobachteten Treatmentstatus, die Verwendung eines Matchingalgorithmus zur Balancierung der Hintergrundkovariaten zwischen den Vergleichsgruppen der Untersuchung sowie die eigentliche Schätzung der interessierenden kausalen Effekte durch den Vergleich der Ereignisverteilungen in der Experimental- und Kontrollstichprobe. Für jeden Analyseschritt stehen unterschiedliche statistische Verfahren und Algorithmen zur Verfügung, um die allgemeine Schätzstrategie einer Matchinganalyse im konkreten Einzelfall effektiv umzusetzen. Der vorliegende Überblicksbeitrag kann diese vielfältigen Analysevarianten nicht im Einzelnen darstellen, sondern beschränkt sich darauf, die grundsätzliche Vorgehensweise einer Matchinganalyse anhand der Abschätzung der empirischen Karrierefolgen von Arbeitslosigkeit mittels paarweisem (nearest-neighbor) Propensity score matching beispielhaft zu illustrieren." (Autorenreferat)

In this paper we evaluate the impact of the old-age part-time scheme (OAPT) on the Austrian labour market which was a policy to allow flexible retirement options for the elderly with an aim to increase labour supply. According to our matching estimates employment probability increases slightly, especially in the first two years after entrance into the programme. Furthermore, the programme seems to reduce the measured unemployment risk. However, the total number of hours worked is significantly reduced by OAPT. While the policy is meant to reduce early exit from the labour force by allowing part-time work, our analysis indicates that most workers substitute part-time work for full-time work and thus the overall effect is rather negative. -- evaluation of labour market programmes ; labour supply of the elderly ; nearest neighbour matching

Recentemente, uma nova definição da economia apareceu onde o conceito de match ocupa um lugar central. Matching significa que existem algumas questões específicas relacionadas à associação efetiva de um determinado recurso a uma determinada pessoa. O match pode, portanto, parecer uma extensão da questão tradicional relacionada à distribuição da riqueza; contra essa aparência, o presente artigo enfatiza que algo mais está em jogo quando se trata de entender como o match é realmente implementado. A primeira parte do artigo é dedicada a explicar o que se entende por match no estado atual da economia, com ênfase especial nas obras de Alvin Roth. A segunda parte é sobre os fundamentos sociológicos da abordagem através do match em relação às questões econômicas, mostrando como ela é diferente do mercado. Finalmente, a terceira parte conecta a economia como match à compreensão de pastorado de Michel Foucault, focalizando as mudanças trazidas pela enorme quantidade de dados e a tecnologia necessária para implementar uma nova forma de governamentalidade, aquela em que, na esteira do antigo preceito religioso, requer que o líder governe a população como um todo e cada indivíduo em particular ("omnes et singulatim" nos termos de Foucault). ; Recently, a new definition of the economy appeared in which matching is central stage. Matching means that there exist some specific issues related to the effective association of a given resource with a given person. Matching may thus appear an extension of the traditional issue related to the distribution of wealth; against this appearance, the present communication emphasizes that something else is at stake when it comes to understanding how matching is actually implemented. The first part of the communication is devoted to explaining what is meant by matching in the present state of the economy, with a special emphasis on the works of Alvin Roth. The second part is about the sociological underpinnings of the matching approach to economic issues, showing how different it is from the market. Finally, the third part connects economy as matching to Michel Foucault's understanding of pastorate, focusing on the changes brought about by the huge amount of data and the technology necessary to implement a new form of governmentality, that in which, according to the old religious precept, the leader must govern the population as a whole and each individual in particular ("omnes et singulatim" in Foucault's terms).