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Edna Bonacich's split‐labor‐market theory is used to explore the dynamics of agriculture in the southwest. This theory helps to explain the following developments: (1) importation of foreign contract workers; (2) passage of farm labor legislation; (3) development and implementation of mechanized equipment; (4) expansion of the "runaway shop"; and (5) a decrease in the number of independent farmers concurrent with an increase in large‐scale corporate farms. One additional factor having a major impact on the industry is (6) the farm worker movement, the United Farm Workers (UFW) and the Arizona Farm Workers (AFW) being two of the most familiar examples.

Abstract. Orthodoxy in economics gives pride of place to the hypothesis of compensating differentials. Applied to job quality criteria, such as wage levels, job stability, and wage growth, the compensating differentials hypothesis implies that negative or positive job quality characteristics should—ceteris paribus—rarely coincide. Originating in the late 1960s from studies of American inner‐city labor markets, dualist labor market theory has raised doubts about this assumption. At its core, dualist analysis proposes that a dualism exists between a primary' labor market where "jobs possess several of the following traits: high wages, good working conditions, employment stability and job security, equity and due process in the administration of work, and chances for advancement" and a secondary market where jobs "tend to involve low wages, poor working conditions, considerable variability in employment, and little opportunity to advance" (Doeringer and Piore 1971). In the 1980s, there were several attempts to apply dual or segmented labor market theory to European economies, including the German labor market. The mixed findings of these analyses have cast doubt upon the transferability of dualist theory to these contexts.

In a market economy, human work is offered and sought in the labor market. It is valued because of the level of demand for it and the rarity of the required qualifications. At the same time, because of the different contexts and conditions, there are many labor markets that are defined as the professional labor markets, local labor markets, dual labor markets, and black and gray labor markets.

RECENTLY, AMERICAN SOCIETY HAS BEGUN TO EXPERIMENT WITH MARKETS IN WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE LABOR. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO CRTICIZE SEVERAL POPULAR WAYS OF DEFENDING THE SYMMETRY THESIS AND TO OFFER AN ALTERNATIVE DEFENSE. THE ANALYSIS HAS FOUR PARTS. IN THE FIRST PART THE AUTHOR CRITICIZES THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE COMMODIFICATION OF WOMEN'S REPRODUCITVE LABOR THAT TURN ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT REPRODUCTIVE LABOR IS A SPECIAL FORM OF LABOR. IN THE SECOND PART SHE CRITICIZES ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF THE ASYMMETRY THESIS THAT APPEAL TO NORM OF PARENTAL LOVE. THE THIRD PART OF THE ARTICLE EXAMINES AN ARGUMENT THAT STRESSES THE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF CONTRACT PREGNANCY FOR CHILDREN. AND THE FOURTH PART ARGUES THAT THE ASYMMETRY THESIS IS TRUE BUT THAT THE REASON IT IS TRUE HAS NOT BEEN PROPERLY UNDERSTOOD.