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Chapter 1: Water scarcity leads to food insecurity -- Chapter 2: Deficit irrigation and water conservation -- Chapter 3: Egypt faces water deficiency, and food insufficiency -- Chapter 4: Field crops and deficit irrigation in Egypt -- Chapter 5: Vegetable crops and deficit irrigation in Egypt -- Chapter 6: Wheat insufficiency and deficit irrigation -- Chapter 7: Climate change assessment in Egypt: A review -- Chapter 8: Climate change and wheat self-sufficiency.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I: Where the personal intersects with public policy -- 1. Why "you are what you eat" matters when talking about school lunch: A personal narrative -- References -- Part II: Understanding food insecurity -- 2. Child and adult food insecurity in the United States -- Introduction -- Definitions of food security/insecurity -- History of hunger and food insecurity in the United States -- Measurements -- Food insecurity prevalence in the United States -- Associations and consequences of food insecurity -- Associating factors -- Consequences of food insecurity -- Nutrition policy and nutrition assistance programs -- Local policy and grassroots movements addressing food insecurity -- Research gaps -- References -- 3. Unintended consequences of nutritional assistance programs: Children's school meal participation and adults' food security -- Introduction -- Background -- Food insecurity is associated with a range of negative child and adult outcomes -- Adults may buffer children from food insecurity within the household -- Child nutritional assistance programs may offset adult buffering -- School meals provide a substantial number of calories to children -- Resource reallocation and link to adult food security -- Data and methods -- Sample -- Analytic plan -- Results -- Descriptive statistics -- Regression analyses -- Discussion -- Limitations and future research -- References -- 4. The food environment and social determinants of food insufficiency and diet quality in rural households -- Literature review -- Food access and food deserts -- Food access and dietary intake -- Social context and dietary intake

[EN] Unveiling mechanisms underpinning nutrient digestion has raised interest in the field of medical sciences for their potential application in clinical treatments. In the case of Cystic Fibrosis (CF), there exists an urgent need for understanding food lipid digestion to establish a criterion to adjust the dose of pancreatic enzyme supplements; patients have to take the supplements to allow digestion, given the associated exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The aim of MyCyFAPP Project was to establish an evidence-based method to adjust pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. To solve this challenge, the still unexplored field of real foods digestion had to be addressed. This review paper provides a description of the static in vitro digestion model that simulated different EPI intestinal conditions to conduct an extensive experimental work with 52 foods. Then, a summary of the data modelling that allowed for establishing a dosing criterion for enzyme supplements is provided. Following, by means of examples, an overview of the main findings related to the new knowledge generated in the field of lipid digestion in real foods is discussed, including the role of the inherent-to-food and the host factors affecting lipolysis. Finally, a discussion about the translation of the generated results in the lab to the clinical treatment of CF concludes with the lessons learnt from conducting this study ; Authors acknowledge the work and effort of the colleagues integrating MyCyFAPP Consortium for bringing knowledge and wisdom to this project. Especially, to those researchers significantly contributing to the field of in vitro digestion studies: Carolina Paz-Yepez, Victoria Fornes-Ferrer, Virginia Larrea, Irene Peinado, and Carmen Ribes-Koninckx. We acknowledge the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme of the European Union for funding this project. ; Calvo-Lerma, J.; Asensio-Grau, A.; Heredia Gutiérrez, AB.; Andrés Grau, AM. (2020). Lessons learnt from MyCyFAPP Project: Effect of cystic fibrosis ...

[EN] Digestibility of macronutrients depends on the food matrix structure as well as on gastrointestinal conditions, especially in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In this situation, an oral enzyme supplementation that promotes nutrient hydrolysis is needed. In this context, in the present study, a static in vitro digestion model was used to assess the lipid digestibility of different meat products (processed and fresh), different intestinal conditions of pH (6 or 7), bile concentration (1 or 10 mM) and doses of the enzyme supplement (1000¿4000 lipase units/g fat). Results showed that processed (unstructured) meats had better matrix degradation during digestion and reached higher values of lipolysis extents (total free fatty acids/g fat) than the natural meat matrices with a statistically significant association (p .001). Regarding the intestinal medium, pH of 7 and bile concentration of 10 mM contribute to higher matrix degradation and thus, to a higher lipolysis (p .001). ; Authors of this article acknowledge the European Union and the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme (PHC-26-2014 call Self-management of health and disease: citizen engagement and mHealth) for fully funding this research in the context of MyCyFAPP Project, under grant agreement number 643806. ; Asensio-Grau, A.; Calvo-Lerma, J.; Heredia Gutiérrez, AB.; Andrés Grau, AM. (2018). Fat digestibility in meat products: influence of food structure and gastrointestinal conditions. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2018.1542665 ; S ; 8

The present study measured household hunger in South-East Nigeria amidst the COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 1209 households (urban and rural locations) were sampled. Household hunger was determined using the Radimer-Cornel hunger scale. Results show that before the COVID-19 lockdown, hunger prevalence in the urban areas was 85.5%, whereas prevalence in the rural areas was significantly lower, at a prevalence of 79.9% (7.3% level of association-X-2 = 6.499, p = 0.012). During the COVID-19 lockdown, the prevalence of hunger in the urban areas rose to 98.0% and 99.2% in the rural areas (4.9% level of association was X-2 = 2.888, p = 0.089). It was also observed that the COVID-19 lockdown significantly affected food prices. The major coping strategy employed by households was relying on less expensive foods (81.14%). High household hunger was identified as a short-term cost of the COVID-19 lockdown in South-East Nigeria. Only a few households (16.3%) benefited from the food aid programs and 16.9% from the government palliative cash transfer. It is recommended that the government setup a formidable unit that will develop physical and digital plans for effective implementation during a COVID-19 lockdown situation or other emergencies.

This paper aims to improve the efficiency of food safety supervision and the effective way to ensure food safety through the comparative study of the imported food safety supervision system of China's network, and the comparative study of the main methods to ensure food safety. In this paper, according to the basic theory of food safety, for the world's major developed countries government food safety regulatory system, the Chinese government's food safety regulatory system research, China's food regulatory measures related to a new model idea, several parts, and discover network imported food safety supervision system in our country's own insufficiency, thus absorbing the precious experience of foreign management system, finally proposed consummates our country network imported food safety regulatory system.

This article examines government employees' experience and expectation of socioeconomic hardships during the COVID-19 pandemic—employment income loss, housing instability, and food insufficiency—by focusing on the role of gender and race. Employing the Household Pulse Survey, a nationally representative and near real-time pandemic data deployed by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that government employees were less affected by the pandemic than non-government employees across socioeconomic hardships. However, female and racial minorities, when investigated within government employees, have a worse experience and expectation of pandemic hardships than men and non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings suggest a clear gender gap and racial disparities in the experience and expectation of pandemic hardships.

PurposeLiving a nutritious lifestyle requires that people get a sufficient amount of nutrients, vitamins and minerals every day. Healthy dietary practices are related to a stronger immune system, better prevention and easier recovery from illnesses, lower blood pressure, healthy weight, lower risk of diabetes, heart problems and other medical conditions and improved overall well-being (WHO, 2020). Therefore, to maintain a strong immune system able to prevent diseases and ease recovery, optimal nutrition and healthy habits are of increased importance during a pandemic such as Covid-19. However, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than 22 million Americans have lost a job between February and October 2020, increasing the unemployment rate from 3.5% in February 2020 to 6.9% in October 2020, reaching a peak of 14.7% in April 2020. Job losses during the Covid-19 crisis are likely to put lots of families at risk of malnutrition and food insufficiency and to further deteriorate the already existing food insecurity (Gundersen et al., 2018). This research explores the effect of a recent job loss between August and October 2020 on food sufficiency.Design/methodology/approachThis research examines the impact of a job loss on nutrition and food safety. Specifically, this study explores the effect of a job loss during the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of family and child food sufficiency as perceived by the respondent, confidence about meeting family's dietary needs in the four weeks following the interview, and an indicator of whether the food sufficiency status of the family has deteriorated or not. This study also determines the differential effect of a job loss by individuals who are still employed despite the loss relative to workers who remained unemployed after a job loss during the Covid-19 crisis. Subsample analyses based on ethnicities, genders and educational attainment are also performed to identify the most vulnerable groups.FindingsThe results provide evidence that a job loss is associated with a highly statistically significant deterioration of food sufficiency for families and children and a reduction in the confidence in food security for the near future. This effect is observed for all job losers, but from them, it is larger for the ones who are currently unemployed compared to those who are working. The association between a job loss and family's nutrition insecurity is the greatest for Hispanic, males and people with some college. Children's nutrition suffers the most for children whose parents have not completed high school. These results provide an insight into the adverse effect of Covid-19 on food security.Practical implicationsFrom a policy perspective, the results indicate that federal nutrition programs whose goal is to ensure that the dietary needs of Americans, and especially children, are met, which are most likely to benefit the Hispanic population, individuals with low educational attainment and individuals who remained unemployed after losing a job.Originality/valueThis study makes several contributions to the growing literature on food security. First, this study is novel in that it examines the effect of an ongoing event, specifically a labor market disruption as a result of a health and economic crisis, on families' nutrition, and does so using the newest publicly available data designed to track the impact of Covid-19 on the American population. This is one of the first studies that investigates the forementioned impacts in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study further contributes to the literature by distinguishing between employed versus unemployed individuals despite a job loss and by studying distinct groups on the population. In addition, this study compares the effects of interest in the onset of the pandemic to a year later to examine the population's adjustment to the crisis. The importance and relevance of the results for policy decision-making are also discussed in the paper.

This study aims to analyze the level of food security, factors that influence the level of food security and efforts to improve food security of fisherman households. This research is a survey conducted in coastal area Pasarmadang Village, Kotaagung Subdistrict, Tanggamus District. Respondents were 48 traditional fisherman households selected using a simple random method. Data collection was carried out in April-May 2018. The level of food security was analyzed by using cross classification between the share of food expenditure and energy adequacy, the factors that influence the level of food security were analyzed by regression of ordinal logit, and efforts to improve food security were analyzed descriptive qualitatively. The results showed that most fisherman households are in the category of food insufficiency (50.00%). The rests are in the food-resistant category (29.17%), food vulnerable (10.42%), and food insecurity (10.42%). Factors that affect food security of fisherman households are the number of household members, education of housewives, and household income. Government efforts to improve food security include strengthening food availability, diversification and food security, utilizing yards, controlling food prices, fostering, providing facilities and infrastructure, PKH and Raskin programs. Meanwhile, efforts by fisherman households are to change diet, improve nutrition knowledge, and increase income by working outside thefishing business and employing family members.Key words: cross classification, fisherman households, food security.

The paper attempts to investigate the current state of Ukraine's food security according to some indicators used in the world practice. It is determined that Ukraine has a level below the average in the global rating of food security. Therefore, this indicator is deteriorating annually, and in the global dimension may be rated rather unsatisfactory. The availability of problems in the food supply of the population of Ukraine in view of the growing threats in the agri-food sector is emphasized. The author analyzed Ukraine's position in the world rankings by the indicators of quality, adequacy and availability of food and its share of food commodity dependence. It is determined that Ukraine does not lag behind the EU average by the criterion of food sufficiency, although it has the lower position in comparison with the developed countries of Western Europe. However, in terms of adequacy consumption, there is an insufficiency in almost all product groups, as well as an imbalance of nutrition of the population, which does not provide the necessary threshold criteria for a proper daily average diet. It is emphasized that according to the criterion of availability of food Ukraine does not reach the critical value of 60 % of expenditures from the average household budget and belongs to the countries with income below the average level. However, the population of the country cannot afford to consume vital food at a sufficient vital level, which adversely affects the food security of the state. We argued that although Ukraine was a significant exporter of agri-food products to the world market and although exports of these products have been increasing every year, our country belongs to the group of countries with high dependence on commodity imports and low level of commodity exports, which definitely needs to review the priorities of foreign trade policy of agricultural products. It is concluded that in context of the negative structure of domestic agri-food exports, it is necessary to switch to new effective methods of managing the threats to food security of the state and to define a comprehensive mechanism for the implementation of food security of Ukraine through well-considered agricultural, foreign trade, investment, and ecological. Key words: food security; global food security; food sufficiency; food availability; agricultural food exports.

[EN] Background: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency need pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) for dietary lipids digestion. There is limited evidence for recommending the adequate PERT dose for every meal, and controlling steatorrhea remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate a new PERT dosing method supported by a self-management mobile-app. Methods: Children with CF recruited from 6 European centres were instructed to use the app, including an algorithm for optimal PERT dosing based on in vitro digestion studies for every type of food. At base-line, a 24h self-selected diet was registered in the app, and usual PERT doses were taken by the patient. After 1 month, the same diet was followed, but PERT doses were indicated by the app. Change in faecal fat and coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) were determined. Results: 58 patients (median age 8.1 years) participated. Baseline fat absorption was high: median CFA 96.9%, median 2.4g faecal fat). After intervention CFA did not significantly change, but range of PERT doses was reduced: interquartile ranges narrowing from 1447-3070 at baseline to 1783-2495 LU/g fat when using the app. Patients with a low baseline fat absorption (CFA 90%, n= 12) experienced significant improvement in CFA after adhering to the recommended PERT dose (from 86.3 to 94.0%, p=0.031). Conclusion: the use of a novel evidence-based PERT dosing method, based on in vitro fat digestion studies incorporating food characteristics, was effective in increasing CFA in patients with poor baseline fat absorption and could safely be implemented in clinical practice. ; We acknowledge the support of the MyCyFAPP Project consortium. We especially thank the participation and the effort of the patients involved in the study and their families. This work was fully funded by the European Union and the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme (PHC-26-2014 call Self management of health and disease: citizen engagement and mHealth) under grant number ...

This ethnographic study examines how and why Detroit‐area credit‐constrained members of the urban poor relied on owners/employees of corner convenience stores, known as "party stores," for accessing short‐term, interest‐free informal credit services. Findings indicate that informal credit at party stores functioned as a low‐ or no‐cost alternative to formal credit and high‐cost fringe banking services such as payday loans, both of which were inaccessible and/or cost prohibitive for informants. These data contribute empirically to a growing body of research on "credit invisibility" by exploring these populations' use of informal credit mechanisms. Findings also make a theoretical contribution by highlighting the importance of resource exchange networks through which members of the urban poor build strong yet disposable social ties in order to respond to economic shocks, combat food insufficiency, and survive economic destitution.

Current critiques of the official federal poverty measure have led to a growing interest in alternative measures of well-being, such as individual reports of the inability to meet basic needs. This article considers a wide set of risk factors for four different forms of material hardship (food insufficiency, utility disconnection, unmet medical needs, and housing problems) using data from a panel study of single mothers. Specifically, the authors analyze the role of maternal health, household composition, and income on entrances into and exits from material hardship. The results show that there is a great deal of heterogeneity across forms of material hardship but that in general, the predictions of the authors' conceptual model are confirmed. Determinants of entrances into material hardship differ from those that predict exits, suggesting that interventions to help families exit from material hardship may need to address different issues than those that triggered the entrance into material hardship in the first place.

More than one in ten Australians live in poverty, with many relying on government provided support and emergency payments. These payments are insufficient to cover basic costs of living, and as a result, many people are forced to engage with emergency and community food assistance. The aim of this article is to explore the experiences of those who, despite being in receipt of an Australian welfare payment and engaged with the welfare system, rely on charitable food assistance for some or all of their weekly food supply. Interviews were conducted with seventy-eight people and were thematically analysed. The main findings of this study are the significant challenges faced by people who are on very low incomes when navigating the government-provided welfare and non-government charity systems and the insufficiency of the welfare system in providing income to meet basic costs of living.

Bøgh et al. ; Food allergy is a major health problem of increasing concern. The insufficiency of protein sources for human nutrition in a world with a growing population is also a significant problem. The introduction of new protein sources into the diet, such as newly developed innovative foods or foods produced using new technologies and production processes, insects, algae, duckweed, or agricultural products from third countries, creates the opportunity for development of new food allergies, and this in turn has driven the need to develop test methods capable of characterizing the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. There is no doubt that robust and reliable animal models for the identification and characterization of food allergens would be valuable tools for safety assessment. However, although various animal models have been proposed for this purpose, to date, none have been formally validated as predictive and none are currently suitable to test the allergenic potential of new foods. Here, the design of various animal models are reviewed, including among others considerations of species and strain, diet, route of administration, dose and formulation of the test protein, relevant controls and endpoints measured. ; The authors are all part of the COST Action FA1402 entitled: Improving Allergy Risk Assessment Strategy for New Food Proteins (ImpARAS). LOM is supported by Swiss National Foundation grants (Project Numbers: CRSII3_154488 and 310030-144219) and European Union research grants. ; Peer reviewed