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Abstract
Indigenous peoples have maintained sustainable, longstanding relationships with water and have valuable knowledge to contribute to water management. Still, legal and policy frameworks routinely include only tokenistic acknowledgements of Indigenous water 'values', while ongoing injustices related to the allocation and governance of water resources remain unresolved. Those concerned about the recognition of Indigenous water rights and relationships often point to the case of Aotearoa New Zealand, and specifically the Treaty of Waitangi settlement legislation recognising the Whanganui River as a 'legal person', as a replicable model for improved water governance and Indigenous water rights. In this article we use a sociolegal method to draw out globally relevant lessons from the groundbreaking Whanganui River model about the potential for Western or settler-state law to support and uphold Indigenous rights and relationships in water. Our analysis confirms that enabling Indigenous water jurisdiction could hold the key to more sustainable and equitable futures, but it requires a long-term commitment from states and local communities to relationship brokering, power sharing, and trust building with Indigenous peoples.

The current political tension among developed states and developing nations regarding the exploration, exploitation, benefit-sharing, and conservation of marine genetic resources (MRGs) in ungoverned areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) requires a new marine, regulative regime, which is considered as the premise for the creation of the international consensus of promulgating the 'Common Heritage of Mankind' principle (CHM). This study employed desk research methods to synthesize, compare, and analyze UNCLOS (1982), Nagoya Protocol (2014), ongoing ILBI sessions, and other recent studies to figure out the regulatory gap within the Law of the Sea under UNCLOS. By carefully generalizing and scrutinizing the documentation, the study strongly emphasizes the necessity to implement the CHM principle in ABNJ instead of promoting the concept of 'first come, first served' basis for the sake of the equitable sharing of benefits, and the conservation of MGRs in ABNJ for the current and future generations. The study also provides the connotations of CHM principle, which serves theoretical basis for some marine management approaches. Consequently, these perspectives stem from a representative developing state with a long coastal line –Vietnam. The general, theoretical, and practical viewpoints would significantly contribute to current and future international law-making process with respect to the formulation of a new legal marine regime for regulating the exploitation, equitable access, and conservation of MGRs in ABNJ according to the ideal concept of CHM principle thereof.

In the governance of natural resources, transparency has been linked to improved accountability, as well as enforceability, compliance, sustainability, and ultimately more equitable outcomes. Here, good practices in transparency relevant to the emerging governance of deep-seabed mining in the Area beyond national jurisdiction are identified and compared with current practices of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The analysis found six areas of good transparency practice that could improve the accountability of deep-seabed mining: i) access to information; ii) reporting; iii) quality assurance; iv) compliance information / accreditation; v) public participation; and vi) ability to review / appeal decisions. The ISA has in some instances adopted progressive practices regarding its rules, regulations, and procedures (e.g. including the precautionary approach). However, the results here show that overall the ISA will need to consider improvements in each of the six categories above, in order to reflect contemporary best transparency practices, as well as meeting historical expectations embodied in the principle of the 'common heritage of mankind'. This would involve a revision of its rules and procedures. The ongoing review and drafting of the ISA's deep-seabed mining exploitation regulations offers a once-in-a-generation opportunity to improve upon the current situation. Findings from this analysis are summarised in 18 recommendations, including publication of annual reports submitted by contractors, publication of annual financial statements, development of a transparency policy, compliance reporting, and dedicated access to Committee meetings.

In the governance of natural resources, transparency has been linked to improved accountability, as well as enforceability, compliance, sustainability, and ultimately more equitable outcomes. Here, good practices in transparency relevant to the emerging governance of deep-seabed mining in the Area beyond national jurisdiction are identified and compared with current practices of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). The analysis found six areas of good transparency practice that could improve the accountability of deep-seabed mining: i) access to information; ii) reporting; iii) quality assurance; iv) compliance information / accreditation; v) public participation; and vi) ability to review / appeal decisions. The ISA has in some instances adopted progressive practices regarding its rules, regulations, and procedures (e.g. including the precautionary approach). However, the results here show that overall the ISA will need to consider improvements in each of the six categories above, in order to reflect contemporary best transparency practices, as well as meeting historical expectations embodied in the principle of the 'common heritage of mankind'. This would involve a revision of its rules and procedures. The ongoing review and drafting of the ISA's deep-seabed mining exploitation regulations offers a once-in-a-generation opportunity to improve upon the current situation. Findings from this analysis are summarised in 18 recommendations, including publication of annual reports submitted by contractors, publication of annual financial statements, development of a transparency policy, compliance reporting, and dedicated access to Committee meetings.

This report describes a national lived experience advocacy movement generated by the work of the National Council of Youth in Care Advocates to support equitable transitions to adulthood for youth in care in Canada. The emergence of the National Council at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic is presented, as well as the ongoing progress and achievements in advocacy and best practice efforts at the national and local jurisdiction levels. This article, by three members of the National Council, is the first to provide an account of the process associated with national lived experience advocacy mobilization by and for youth in care.

This Note provides an analysis of Mexico's Telesecundaria program within the context of Mexico's new education reform framework offering a succinct background of the project, as well as key policy lessons that can be useful for other jurisdictions interested in the development of distance education programs. This Note uses a literature and data analysis review approach, as well as qualitative analysis of interview data collected recently in Mexico by the authors. The Note positions pedagogical approaches to distance education within the context of developments in communication, internet access and renewable energy technologies, as well as within the challenges of the digital divide as means of powering digital access to information and education to remote, rural and marginalized communities.LE PROGRAMME TELESECUNDARIA AU MEXIQUE ET L'ACCÈS ÉQUITABLE AUX RESSOURCES Dans cette note du terrain, les auteurs effectuent une analyse du programme mexicain Telesecundaria dans le contexte du nouveau cadre de la réforme en éducation au Mexique. Ils présentent un bref aperçu du projet, ainsi que les leçons-clés qui pourraient s'avérer utiles en termes de politiques dans d'autres juridictions intéressées par le développement de programmes de formation à distance. Cette note est basée sur une approche de revue de la littérature et d'analyse des données. Elle s'appuie également sur l'analyse qualitative de données recueillies lors d'entrevues réalisées par les auteurs au Mexique. Cette note situe les approches pédagogiques en éducation à distance dans le contexte de développement des communications, d'accès à Internet et de technologies des énergies renouvelables. Elle les positionne aussi en fonction des défis engendrés par la fracture numérique comme moyen d'améliorer l'accès numérique à l'information et l'éducation des communautés éloignées, rurales et marginalisées. ; Dans cette note du terrain, les auteurs effectuent une analyse du programme mexicain Telesecundaria dans le contexte du nouveau cadre de la réforme en éducation au Mexique. Ils présentent un bref aperçu du projet, ainsi que les leçons-clés qui pourraient s'avérer utiles en termes de politiques dans d'autres juridictions intéressées par le développement de programmes de formation à distance. Cette note est basée sur une approche de revue de la littérature et d'analyse des données. Elle s'appuie également sur l'analyse qualitative de données recueillies lors d'entrevues réalisées par les auteurs au Mexique. Cette note situe les approches pédagogiques en éducation à distance dans le contexte de développement des communications, d'accès à Internet et de technologies des énergies renouvelables. Elle les positionne aussi en fonction des défis engendrés par la fracture numérique comme moyen d'améliorer l'accès numérique à l'information et l'éducation des communautés éloignées, rurales et marginalisées.

JURISDICTION: Among what is said' to be the largest number of public laws ever passed by a Tennessee Legislature, the General Assembly passed an act which creates a statutory exception to the doctrine that equity will not enjoin the commission of a crime unless the conduct comes within some recognized head of equity jurisdiction. EQUITABLE REMEDIES: Hall v. Briton was a suit in the chancery court to enjoin defendants, who were complainant's former employees, from selling a product produced with the aid of complainant's trade secret. CONTEMPT: One of the peculiarities of equity is that its decrees frequently consist of in personam orders. The violation of such an order is contempt of court. Contempts are classified as either civil or criminal. PRACTICE: The 1957 General Assembly amended the practice in chancery courts in Tennessee so as to provide that a sworn answer, when required by a bill of discovery or when the oath to the answer is not waived, shall have no more weight or effect in evidence than the deposition of the defendant filing such answer.

Die jüngste Welle von ISDS-Fällen im erneuerbare Energien Sektor hat zu einer Vielzahl von Schiedssprüchen geführt, die sich mit dem Begriff der legitimen Erwartungen befassen. Der Standard für faire und gleiche Behandlung (FET) und der legitimen Erwartungen waren in der Vergangenheit höchst unbestimmt. Diese Arbeit enthält eine umfassende Analyse der Schiedssprüche im erneuerbare Energien Sektor und deren Auslegung der legitimen Erwartungen. Der Autor analysiert, welche Aspekte in Bezug auf das Verhalten der Staaten, die Due Diligence der Investoren und die Intensität der staatlichen Eingriffe von den jüngsten Schiedsgerichten als Verletzung des FET-Standards angesehen wurden.

Until 1837, Upper Canada had no Court of Chancery. This omission forced stop-gap measures which in the area of mortgages produced a muddle. The confusion introduced into the land market led to protracted controversies among politicians and jurists during the 1820s and 1830s. The many complex principles and motives raised by the lack of an equitable jurisdiction generated much legislative controversy and experimentation. John Beverley Robinson often was central to vital discussions where he revealed both his intelligence and social biases favouring gentlemen of capital. Extremely complicated issues have deflected attention from the central issue: whether the colony needed equity, whether it needed to follow English law. The episodes show that Upper Canadians of many political outlooks were not at all convinced that their society should embrace English law. Moreover, the neglect of equity and opposition to it should not be treated just as a demonstration of frontier circumstances. Social attitudes, personal motives, political circumstances, and disputes about colonial independence from English models and Crown influence greatly affected the law. The law as abstraction and the law as social product clashed quite early in the life of this society.

Trusts are important tools for estate and tax planning. In Canada, property and trust law are governed at the provincial level—section 92(13) of the Constitution Act of Canada provides that "[i]n each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is to say, … Property and Civil Rights in the Province." The aim of this thesis is to consider areas of trust law that are unique to Manitoba and highlight certain gaps and areas that may be improved through a comparative analysis. The first issue I explore is the indefeasibility principle enshrined at section 59 of Manitoba's Real Property Act and the co-existence of constructive and resulting trusts as set out in the recent Hyczkewycz v Hupe appellate decision. I then consider the applicability in Manitoba of another example of an equitable interest existing "off title" in Stonehouse v British Columbia (Attorney General). I also review remedies available to beneficiaries following remarks in Hyczkewycz v Hupe regarding registering caveats to give notice to third parties. The second issue of this thesis addresses how and why amendments to section 59 of The Trustee Act in the 1980s replaced the Rule in Saunders v Vautier, and whether, nearly forty years later, there may be a better approach. The third and final issue discussed is the scope of the court's ability to consent to a proposed variation on behalf of beneficiaries. Manitoba previously expanded the classes of beneficiaries for whom the court could consent from four to eight. I consider whether the change resolved underlying issues and whether some guidance can be taken from other jurisdictions in this regard. ; October 2020

The propriety of awarding constitutional damages as appropriate relief in South Africa can be inferred from the discretionary ss 38 and 172(1) of the Constitution which empower the courts to 'grant appropriate relief' and to make 'just and equitable orders', respectively. These damages are claimable against the State for Bill of Rights infringements as opposed to private individuals or juristic entities. In spite of the remedy's promise, the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court ('CC') has not been particularly encouraging, with clear guidance on the granting of the remedy still at large. There is a challenge of acceptance of the remedy as part of South African law, and the problem of approach and process. Unsurprisingly, the courts have sought refuge in treading with extreme circumspection, and have approached the remedy in a circumstantial and ad hoc manner. A hybrid and functional approach which is tailor-made and purpose-oriented would help do away with a formalistic approach that has stunted the growth of constitutional damages as a remedy in South African law. This would eliminate elevating form over substance, subordinating constitutional vindication to common law or statutory remedies, and subjecting constitutional rights violations to indirect as opposed to direct constitutional remedy. What must be looked at is the breach that has occurred, the 'mischief' that needs to be corrected, and the impact that such correction is intended to have. This would mean that there are instances where constitutional damages would remain appropriate despite the existence of a remedy in common law. This will inevitably involve departing from the archaic approach to remedies, to think in terms of a closed category of 'tried-and-tested' remedies. In determining quantum, the comparable common law measure of damages will often be a useful guide, but only to that extent. It is for the courts to make an award which reflects what a court considers to be fair and just under the circumstances. These are the hallmarks of a functional and pragmatic approach that South African courts and those of comparative democracies ought to adopt.