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It is disputed whether energy consumption is necessarily related to economic output. It must at least be recognized that energy consumption per capita has risen with development. In the US, transportation energy consumption per unit of national output is considerably higher than in European nations, due largely to low population densities & to passenger travel. In particular, gasoline use has been limited by excise taxes in Europe, while subsidies for automobiles have been provided by US policies. The residential & commercial sectors of the US economy use more energy than those of the European economies, due to differences in heating & lighting practices. In manufacturing & power generation, the US is a little less efficient than other nations, & its inefficiencies are due to the need to supply its other sectors. The correlation of energy use with economic productivity is not rigid; it is possible that the US could become substantially more efficient by learning from the European countries. 2 Tables. W. H. Stoddard.

China's transportation energy consumption : an overview -- The real drive of road traffic demand in China -- Analysis of road transport energy consumption demand in China -- Aviation fuel demand development in China -- Comparative analysis on asymmetric price effect on the traffic demand -- Effect of transportation structure on CO2 emissions reduction -- Conclusion and future work

This paper analyzes structural indicators of economic efficiency and energy intensity consumption as determinants of sustainable economic development for the selected 33 European countries. The correlation, regression and multivariate factor analyses are applied to test the associations between the selected structural variables of energy intensity consumption, economic efficiency, and the main driving forces behind these developments. Economic efficiency is positively associated with expenditures on research and development (R&D) and a greater technological intensity of exports, while at the same time the economic efficiency of R&D expenditures and technological intensity of exports reduce the energy intensity consumption of the economy. The results suggest that management strategies and policies directed towards R&D expenditures, human capital investments, and technologically intensive export oriented products are improving economic efficiency performance and contributing to energy saving sustainable economic development. The technological intensity of products reduces energy consumption, which is related to restructuring of energy intensive industries into more advanced and energy saving ones with higher value added per unit of product, but with lower energy consumption per unit of product. Article in English. Ekonominis efektyvumas, energijos vartojimas ir subalansuota plėtra Santrauka.Autoriai analizuoja struktūrinius ekonominio efektyvumo ir energijos vartojimo intensyvumo, kaip vienų iš pagrindinių subalansuotos plėtros kintamųjų, rodiklius. Tirti buvo pasirinktos 33 Europos valstybės. Autoriai, siekdami pagrįsti iškeltus teiginius, naudojo koreliacinę, regresinę analizę bei daugiakriterinius metodus galimoms ekonominio efektyvumo bei energijos vartojimo laipsnio (ir kitų, ne mažiau svarbių elementų) variacijoms nustatyti. Ekonominis efektyvumas labai dažnai asocijuojasi su tyrimais ir plėtra (R&D), eksportuojamomis aukštosiomis technologijomis. Remdamiesi atliktų tyrimų rezultatais autoriai siūlo nukreipti tiek politinius sprendimus, tiek valdymo strategijas į tyrimų ir plėtros (R&D) veiklas, investicijas į žmogiškuosius išteklius, technologinius sprendimus, nes visa tai galima susieti su subalansuotos plėtros koncepcija. Reikšminiai žodžiai:ekonominis efektyvumas,energijos vartojimas,tyrimai ir plėtra,technologinis intensyvumas,subalansuota plėtra,Europa.

7 págs., 6 figs. ; Shortcuts to adiabaticity let a system reach the results of a slow adiabatic process in a shorter time. We propose to quantify the >energy cost> of the shortcut by the energy consumption of the system enlarged by including the control device. A mechanical model where the dynamics of the system and control device can be explicitly described illustrates that a broad range of possible values for the consumption is possible, including zero (above the adiabatic energy increment) when friction is negligible and the energy given away as negative power is stored and reused by perfect regenerative braking. ; We acknowledge funding from the Basque government (Grant No. IT986-16), MINECO/FEDER, UE (Grants No. FIS2015- 67161-P and No. FIS2015-70856-P), and QUITEMAD+CM S2013-ICE2801. ; Peer Reviewed

Shortcuts to adiabaticity let a system reach the results of a slow adiabatic process in a shorter time. We propose to quantify the "energy cost" of the shortcut by the energy consumption of the system enlarged by including the control device. A mechanical model where the dynamics of the system and control device can be explicitly described illustrates that a broad range of possible values for the consumption is possible, including zero (above the adiabatic energy increment) when friction is negligible and the energy given away as negative power is stored and reused by perfect regenerative braking. ; We thank D. Guéry-Odelin and A. Levy for discussions. We acknowledge funding from the Basque government (Grant No. IT986-16), MINECO/FEDER, UE (Grants No. FIS2015-67161-P and No. FIS2015-70856-P), and QUITEMAD+CMS2013-ICE2801.