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It has been repeatedly observed, on the basis of typological 'big data,' that there is a worldwide preference for suffixes as opposed to prefixes. This can be explained in several ways. A possible explanation is that this feature is a world-wide retention from Proto-World, or is prone to diffusion through language contact. Another possible explanation is that suffixes are preferred for some reason in Universal Grammar or for hitherto unclear general cognitive reasons (Caballero et al. 2008). Yet another explanation is that suffixes are more prone to be created through regular processes of language change, e.g., grammaticalization (Bybee 1985), perhaps due to online usage factors (Himmelmann 2014). The explanation of this preference is directly relevant to a question highlighted in Good (2008), namely, the relationship between language universals and language change: do synchronic structural universals constrain change, or do diachronic universals, ultimately motivated by synchronic usage factors, give rise to synchronic universals? Kiparsky (2008) argues that the form of synchronic grammars constrains change, i.e., languages should not be able to change in such a way that they flout Universal Grammar. On the other hand, for Bybee (2008), the most robust universals are in fact universals of language change, and synchronic states are in a sense epiphenoma. For this question, apparently 'counter-directional' changes are crucial: why should language change lead to universally dispreferred distributions of linguistic structures? n this paper, we argue that universally dispreferred structures can and do arise as the result of regular language change, given the right background structures as the particular 'ecology' in which change takes place. Specifically, we show that Ancient Egyptian-Coptic (Afroasiatic), shows a long-term diachronic macro-change from mixed suffixing-prefixing to an overwhelming preference for prefixing. The empirical basis for this study is a comparison of ten typologically-significant parameters in which prefixing or affixing is at stake, based on Dryer's (2013) 969-language sample. With its extremely high prefixing preference, Coptic belongs to the rare 6% or so of languages that are predominantly prefixing (Tables 1,2). Moreover, it has a higher prefixing index (11) than any other language in Dryer's 969-language sample. The closest competitor is Hunde (Bantu; Democratic Republic of Congo), with a prefixing index of 9.5. In terms of areality, Coptic is an outlier: in mediterranean northern Africa, Coptic is the only language that is predominantly prefixing. We argue that each of the micro-changes implicated in this macro-change are better understood in terms of changes at the level of individual constructions, via grammaticalization, rather than in terms of a broad structural 'drift.' Crucially, there is nothing unusual about the actual processes of change themselves; what may be unusual, from a cross-linguistic point of view, is the length of uninterrupted documentation of a single language, which allows us to observe long-term changes with abundant evidence. In short, we argue that Ancient Egyptian-Coptic looks as though it is swimming against the typological tide, although it is constantly paddling along with the usual tides of language change. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
Obesity and overweight are central issues in contemporary western societies, and the public debates in media are
extensive. This paper investigates stories from participants in the reality TV-show Biggest Loser, and how the participants invoke
temporal identity changes and childhood traumas to produce discursively accepted narratives about the causes for being obese. This
study analyses personal stories about being overweight, and narratives of living a life of obesity. The findings illustrate
narrative trajectories in personal stories used to explain overweight within a contemporary therapeutic discourse, and how the
participants use chronology and childhood as narrative resources to explain their obesity. These narratives do not only produce
preferred explanatory narrative elements, but also highlight that a number of psychologized explanatory storylines must be used in
order to produce a culturally valid and discursively accepted personal obesity-narrative.

A ring resonator made of a silica-based optical fiber is a paradigmatic system for the generation of dissipative localized structures or dissipative solitons. We analyze the effect of the non-instantaneous nonlinear response of the fused silica or the Raman response on the formation of localized structures. After reducing the generalized Lugiato-Lefever to a simple and generic bistable model with a nonlocal Raman effect, we investigate analytically the formation of moving temporal localized structures. This reduction is valid close to the nascent bistability regime, where the system undergoes a second-order critical point marking the onset of a hysteresis loop. The interaction between fronts allows for the stabilization of temporal localized structures. Without the Raman effect, moving temporal localized structures do not exist, as shown in M. G. Clerc, S. Coulibaly, and M. Tlidi, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 013024 (2020). The detailed derivation of the speed and the width associated with these structures is presented. We characterize numerically in detail the bifurcation structure and stability associated with the moving temporal localized states. The numerical results of the governing equations are in close agreement with analytical predictions. ; Millennium Institute for Research in Optics (MIRO) Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1180903 Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS European Union (EU)

'Structure' in the discipline of International Relations, for all the criticism of Kenneth Waltz' work, still typically means the Waltzian triad of ordering principles, functional differentiation, and distribution of capabilities. I argue, however, that this triad not only does not in Waltz' particular presentation but cannot provide an adequate account of political structures. In its place I sketch a five-part framework of the elements of political structures. Three types of structural differentiation are identified: vertical differentiation, which establishes hierarchical ranking; horizontal differentiation, which establishes non-hierarchical segmentation; and unit differentiation, which assigns certain types of actors a privileged status. Two dimensions of structural elaboration are also identified: norms and institutions and technology and geography. This framework highlights the central place of ranking in international political structures, developing a tripartite account of 'ordering principles' that identifies autarchic, single-hierarchic, and heterarchic systems. It also draws attention to the diversity of international orders and opens structural analysis to the concerns and contributions of constructivism.

This paper focuses on the contribution of temporal relations inference and distributional semantic models to the event ordering task. Our system automatically builds ordered timelines of events from different written texts in English by performing first temporal clustering and then semantic clustering. In order to determine temporal compatibility, an inference from the temporal relationships between events –automatically extracted from a Temporal Information Processing system– is applied. Regarding semantic compatibility between events, we analyze two different distributional semantic models: LDA Topic modeling and Word2Vec word embeddings. Both semantic models together with the temporal inference have been evaluated within the framework of SemEval 2015 Task 4 Track B. Experiments show that, using both models, the current State of the Art is improved, showing significant advance in the Cross-Document Event Ordering task. ; Este artículo se centra en estudiar la contribución que la inferencia de relaciones temporales y los modelos semánticos distribucionales hacen a la tarea de ordenación de eventos. Nuestro sistema construye automáticamente líneas de tiempo con eventos extraídos de diferentes documentos escritos en inglés. Para ello realiza primero una agrupación temporal y posteriormente una agrupación semántica. Para determinar la compatibilidad temporal se realiza una inferencia sobre las relaciones temporales entre los eventos extraídos de un sistema automático de procesamiento de información temporal. Para la compatibilidad semántica entre eventos hemos analizado dos modelos semánticos distribucionales distintos: LDA Topic Modeling y Word2Vec Word Embeddings. Ambos modelos semánticos junto con la inferencia temporal han sido evaluados bajo el marco de evaluación de SemEval 2015 Task 4 Track B. Los experimentos muestran que, usando ambos modelos se mejora el estado del arte actual, implicando un avance importante en la tarea de ordenación de eventos multidocumento. ; This paper has been partially supported by the Spanish government, project TIN2015-65100-R, project TIN2015-65136-C2-2-R and PROMETEOII/2014/001.

AbstractInventory of current issues and activities dealing with change in party organizations at the state level; indicates areas where continued research is needed.

AbstractThe article presents a temporal and spatial analysis of the social structure of rural Poland – currently a home to two‐fifths of the national population. In the first – temporal – dimension, the focus is on changes that have taken place since the post‐communist transformation. The aim of the analysis was to explain the mechanisms of change, that is, identify the processes that brought about those changes. We assumed that transitions in the rural social structure progressed differently than in the rest of society: they were deeper, followed different trajectories and resulted in fundamentally changed proportions between the rural structure's elements. In the other – spatial –dimension, we investigated the territorial diversity of the contemporary social structure. The social structure morphology was analysed on the basis of the proportions between three major social/occupational segments: farmers, workers and the middle class. Their distinction was determined by the trajectories of social structure change starting from the 1990s: depeasantisation, proletarianisation and gentrification. The study has revealed the complexity of the process of change as well as the unique character of the process of deagrarianisation, its depth/intensity being determined by the spatial diversity of types of rural social structure.