Suchergebnisse

Die Medizin erzielt beachtliche Erfolge mit Medizinprodukten, die auf Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) basieren. Im Gegensatz zu traditionellen Medizinprodukten zeichnen sich diese durch eine besondere Systemarchitektur und Programmierung aus. Das Werk untersucht umfassend, ob der bestehende Rechtsrahmen ausreicht, um Besonderheiten KI-basierter intelligenter Medizinprodukte aufzufangen, und inwieweit es einer zusätzlichen KI-Regulierung bedarf. Im Fokus stehen zentrale Vorgaben der MPVO und DSGVO, die bei Entwicklung und Einsatz intelligenter Medizintechnik einzuhalten sind. Das Werk hat damit immense praktische Relevanz. Die Arbeit wurde im September 2022 von der Universität Augsburg mit dem Wissenschaftspreis Medizinprodukterecht ausgezeichnet.

AbstractPecuniary externalities—costs imposed on third parties mediated through the price system—have typically received little philosophical attention. Recently, this has begun to change. In two separate papers, Richard Endörfer (Econ Philos 38, pp. 221–241, 2022) and Hayden Wilkinson (Philos Public Affairs 50: 202–238, 2022) place pecuniary externalities at center stage. Though their arguments differ significantly, both conclude pecuniary externalities are in some sense morally problematic. If the state is not called on to regulate pecuniary externalities, then, at the very least, individuals should be conscious of how their productive and consumptive decisions affect others by changing prices. We disagree. Both arguments fail, in that neither gives us reason to think pecuniary externalities are cause for moral concern. Unless a new argument emerges, pecuniary externalities should be left alone.

Existing migrant networks play an important role in explaining the size and structure of immigration flows. They affect the net benefits of migration for future migrants by lowering assimilation costs ('self-selection' channel) and increase the probability of potential migrants to obtain a visa through family reunification programs ('immigration policy' channel). This paper presents an identification strategy allowing to disentangle these two channels. Then, it provides an empirical illustration based on US immigration data by metropolitan area and country of origin. First, we show that the overall network externality is strong: the elasticity of migration flows to network size is around one. Second, only a quarter of this elasticity is accounted for by the policy channel. Third, the policy channel was stronger in the nineties than in the eighties due to more generous family reunion program. Fourth, the global elasticity and the policy contribution are much greater for low-skilled migrants.

We show that downsizing has substantial externalities on the health of workers who remain in the firm. To this end, we study mass layoff (ML) survivors in Austria, using workers who survive a ML themselves, but a few years in the future, as a control group. Based on highquality administrative data, we find evidence that downsizing has persistent effects on mental and physical health, and that these effects can be explained by workers fearing for their own jobs. We also show that health externalities due to downsizing imply non-negligible cost for firms, and that wage cuts may have similar effects.

Organisationsvorgaben des europäischen Datenschutzrechts sowie dessen Anforderungen für gruppeninterne Datenübermittlungen. Letztere werden unter den Vorzeichen des "kleinen" Gruppenprivilegs in Form eines partiellen Abwägungsvorsprungs, des nationalen Beschäftigtendatenschutzes sowie den Anforderungen für internationale Datentransfers untersucht. Für diesen Zweck konturiert die Arbeit den Begriff datenschutzrechtlicher Abhängigkeit i.S.d. Art. 4 Nr. 19 DSGVO und zeigt hierbei die Etablierung eines originär datenschutzrechtlichen Control-Verständnisses auf, welches dem unreflektierten Rekurs auf das deutsche Gesellschaftsrecht zur Bestimmung der Unternehmensgruppe im Anwendungsbereich der DSGVO entgegensteht. Im Lichte dessen werden zudem die gruppenspezifischen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und -grenzen der Auftragsdatenverarbeitung sowie der Joint Controllership aufgezeigt.

Externalities to childbearing are costs & benefits of children that do not accrue directly to the parents, or pass through economic markets, but instead are passed on to society at large. If there were no such externalities, then individually optimal fertility decisions would also be socially optimal. Government intervention in reproduction is often justified on the grounds that negative, or sometimes positive, childbearing externalities are important. Here, such externalities are conceptualized & estimated for the US, India, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, & Kenya, using a variety of statistical sources for the 1980s. There are four categories: reproductive dilution of collective wealth; cost spreading for public goods; public sector age-related revenues & expenditures (health, education, pensions, & taxes); & other governmental expenditures. The age structure of government taxes & transfers creates large positive externalities in industrial welfare states, but small negative ones in developing countries. Public goods lead to sizable positive externalities in both groups of countries, while other government expenditures lead to sizable negative externalities. Collective wealth leads to enormous negative externalities in some countries, but in others is unimportant. While environmental wealth is not examined here, it might turn out to dominate these other items. 1 Table, 3 Figures. AA

Existing migrant networks play an important role in explaining the size and structure of immigration flows. They affect the net benefits of migration for future migrants by lowering assimilation costs ("self-selection" channel) and increase the probability of potential migrants to obtain a visa through family reunification programs ("immigration policy" channel). This paper presents an identification strategy allowing to disentangle these two channels. Then, it provides an empirical illustration based on US immigration data by metropolitan area and country of origin. First, we show that the overall network externality is strong: the elasticity of migration flows to network size is around one. Second, only a quarter of this elasticity is accounted for by the policy channel. Third, the policy channel was stronger in the nineties than in the eighties due to more generous family reunion program. Fourth, the global elasticity and the policy contribution are much greater for low-skilled migrants.

In collective decision making bilateral deals can increase or decrease the likelihood of finding compromises, depending on whether such deals have externalities. Positive externalities mean third actors profit from bilateral deals, whereas negative externalities mean bilateral deals hurt third actors. We develop the first model of collective decision making that takes externalities into account. The model computes the expected outcomes of the issues to be decided and construes four coalitions of actors on each pair of issues. Then it searches for a set of alternative expected outcomes, such that no coalition can further increase the payoffs of one of its members, either (i) without decreasing the payoffs of one of its members, or (ii) without decreasing the payoffs of any actor. The Generalized Nash Bargaining Solution is used to pick a single outcome. The model is tested on data from decisions in the European Union.

Der Data Governance Act (DGA) schafft einen Rechtsrahmen für die Nutzung und Weitergabe von Daten in allen Sektoren - von Industrie- über Mobilitäts- und Gesundheitsdaten bis hin zu Daten im öffentlichen Bereich. Dieses Werk verbindet systematische Erläuterungstiefe mit dem nötigen Praxisbezug. Die durch den DGA eingeführten Mechanismen, Regelungen und Instrumente werden verständlich erklärt. Zudem wird das Zusammenspiel zwischen dem DGA, der DSGVO und dem geplanten Data Act ausführlich erläutert. Insbesondere bietet dieser Band einen weitreichenden Überblick ua über: Definition der betroffenen Adressaten Voraussetzungen für Datennutzung und sicheren Datenaustausch Abgrenzungsfragen zum Datenschutz- und Geschäftsgeheimnisschutzrecht Datenvermittlungsdienste Datenaltruismus Freiwillige Zertifizierung Europäischer Dateninnovationsrat