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This research aims to analyze the criteria of political parties' criminal liability on corruption criminal offense and the obstacles of law enforcement. It also aims to analyze the regulations and its application in the future. This is normative research that uses literature review. It analyzes secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research results show: (1) criminal liability of political parties in corruption cases may only be demanded if the crime is carried out in the name of the political parties or if it is based on a mandate of that party; (2) the juridical factors which inhibits criminalization of political parties include the corruption regulations' incapability to penalize them, there are contradictive legal norms between that of corporations and political parties, and that not all corporate criminal sanctions may be imposed to political parties; and (3) it is hoped that the legal regulations on corruption may categorize political parties as corporations, to give a deterrent effect to political parties involved in corruption.

AbstractThe application of criminal liability to corporations grew out of a minor common law doctrine that masters were criminally liable if their servants created a public nuisance by throwing something out of the house onto the street. The expansion of that doctrine to full corporate criminal liability was primarily the result of judicial interpretation of common law and existing statutory laws, rather than the result of any‐deliberate legislative action Civil law countries, lacking the tradition of judicial interpretation, have never developed the concept of corporate criminality. Corporate criminal liability will probably continue to expand in common law countries, regardless of its merits.

The evolution of the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency in the world and especially the seriousness of the crimes committed by minors, the violent forms of their committing have determined that the issue of criminal liability of minors to become one of major interest. So, it is becoming more and more up-to-date the issue of the minor in conflict with the law. In this work the author describes the particularities of the criminal liability of the minor in some European countries, analyzing the legal doctrine and their legislative regulations, for the purpose of highlighting good practices in the field of criminal treatment of minors and formulating proposals to improve the national legal framework.

The study concerns the principles of juvenile criminal liability. The model of dealing with minors is a rational one. The rules, manner and procedure of dealing with such persons differ signifi cantly from the principles of adult responsibility. Solutions applied to minors are aimed at ensuring their proper development. They are to counteract their stigmatisation and social exclusion. The criminal liability of young perpetrators has given rise to a number of practical and theoretical controversies for many years. First of all, it should be emphasised that one legal act will hold an adult liable, and another, a minor.