El articulo pone de manifiesto un uso sui generis por Laclau, de los conceptos psicoanalíticos de Lacan y estructuralistas de la lingüística . Estos usos evidencian por un lado la creatividad conceptual de Laclau y por otro un límite. Este límite está dado por la dificultad del ejercicio de la utilización de conceptos exteriores a una disciplina y que tienen origen en otra. Lo real en juego en ambas disciplinas está en la base de la dificultad. ; The article reveals sui generis use by Ernesto Laclau, of Lacan's psychoanalytic and structuralist concepts of linguistics. This shows on the one hand Laclau ' s conceptual creativity and on the other hand a limit. This limit is given by the difficulty of exercising the use of concepts that are external to one discipline and that have their origin in another one. The real at stake in both disciplines is at the base of the difficulty.
Frontmatter -- List of Propositions -- List of Corollaries -- List of Definitions -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- PART 1: "SYMBOL SYSTEMS" IN TEXTS -- PART 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS AND "SUBLANGUAGES" BEHIND TEXTS -- PART 3: HOW WE PERCEIVE TEXTS: STEPS TOWARD AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL -- PART 4: TOWARD A FORMAL MODEL OF TEXTS -- Postscript -- APPENDIX I: Toward a Typology of More-or-Less "Incommensurable" Systems -- APPENDIX II: Metaphor and Metonymy -- APPENDIX III: Catastrophe Theory -- References -- Index
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This article has two aims: (i) to give an overview of research on sensory perceptions in different disciplines with different aims, and on the basis of that (ii) to encourage new research based on a balanced socio-sensory-cognitive approach. It emphasizes the need to study sensory meanings in human communication, both in Language with a capital L, focusing on universal phenomena, and across different languages, and within Culture with a capital C, such as parts of the world and political regions, and across different cultures, such as markets, production areas and aesthetic activities, in order to stimulate work resulting in more sophisticated, theoretically informed analyses of language use in general, and meaning-making of sensory perceptions in particular.
Intro -- Table of Contents -- EUROPE under Construction: Introduction and Overview -- 1. Europe - a first approximation to a multifaceted term -- 2. Europe yesterday and today: a historical overview -- 2.1 The beginnings of the EEC/EU -- 2.2 The EU and its crises -- 2.3 Perspectives for the EU -- 3. Linguistic analysis of the conceptualisation of EUROPE -- Bibliography -- Founding Concepts: Metaphor and Metonymy in the (French) ECSC Treaty -- 1. Founding concepts of EUROPE in legal discourse -- 2. Theoretical and methodological framework -- 3. A founding metonymy: the European Community and Europe -- 4. Conceptual metaphors for the ECSC -- 4.1 Where BUILDING meets CONTAINER -- 4.2 A LEGAL PERSON WITH A MISSION -- 5. A tentative final word -- Bibliography -- The Conceptualisation of EUROPE in the Italian Press since the Early 20th Century -- 1. Introduction - Italy and EUROPE -- 2. Metaphors in political discourse - a theoretical overview -- 3. Europe-related metaphors in the Italian press -- 3.1 EUROPE as a geographical and political reference -- 3.2 PATH / JOURNEY / TRANSPORT metaphors -- 3.3 CONSTRUCTION / BUILDING / HOUSE metaphors -- 3.4 ORGANISM metaphor -- 3.5 Other conceptual metaphors -- 4. Metaphors and frames -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Bibliography -- Notre Europe a besoin d'une refondation - Macron's Strategies of Political Re-Framing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background and methodology -- 3. Analysis -- 3.1 Discursive context and communicative situation: setting the frame -- 3.2 The verbal (re-)construction of the concept of EUROPE -- 4. Discussion and conclusions -- Bibliography -- From Brexit to Frentrance? The Brexit Discourse as an Arena for Language Battles -- 1. Introduction: Brexit and French -- 2. Methods and aims -- 3. Background: the EU and its many languages.
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"Table of contents" -- "A foreword on humorous discourse" -- "I Approaches at the essence of humorous discourse" -- "Humor theory: What is and what is not" -- "Metonymy in humour" -- "Conceptual integration and humor" -- "The dynamics of humour" -- "II Humor as a function of discourse" -- "The GTVH and humorous discourse" -- "Metapragmatic markers of the bona fide and non-bona fide modes of communication" -- "Wordplay and football: Humour in the discourse of written sports reporting" -- "Audience affiliation, membership categories, and the construction of humor in stand-up comedy" -- "Humor research and humor reception: Far away, so close" -- "III Computer modeling of humorous discourse" -- "Ontological Semantic Theory of Humor in a context of humorous discourse" -- "Notes on the contributors
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The paper presents the influence of social context on illocutionary metonymy in directives evoked by various elements of request scenarios. As the human language activity reflects the physical and social worlds of the intersubjective context (cf. Verschueren 1999), the recognized and construed social relations have an impact not only on addressive forms, but also on the appearance of other elements such as indirectness and its scalarity. Indirect directives are based on illocutionary metonymic scenarios (Panther and Thornburg 1998) and by evoking a part of the scenario referring to the core action they give access to the illocutionary scenario domain. The scalar nature of indirectness (Panther and Thornburg 1998, see also Panther and Thornburg 1999, 2007 and Thornburg and Panther 1997), depends on the number of evoked elements and their conceptual distance from the core of the request. It can be based on conventional grammatical structures (e.g. auxiliary verbs) or giving hints by only introducing the action scenario. As Veres-Guśpiel (2013) has shown the chosen type of indirectness is influenced by social context and the weight of a directive (for the latter, see also Csató and Pléh 1988, Pléh 2012). The main question of the presented research regards types of illocutionary metonymy, that can be experienced in various social contexts and what their frequency of use is.
1. Concepts we live by -- 2. The systematicity of metaphorical concepts -- 3. Metaphorical systematicity: highlighting and hiding -- 4. Orientational metaphors -- 5. Metaphor and cultural coherence -- 6. Ontological metaphors -- 7. Personification -- 8. Metonymy -- 9. Challenges to metaphorical coherence -- 10. Some further examples -- 11. The partial nature of metaphorical structuring -- 12. How is our conceptual system grounded? -- 13. The grounding of structural metaphors -- 14. Causation: partly emergent and partly metaphorical -- 15. The coherent structuring of experience -- 16. Metaphorical coherence -- 17. Complex coherences across metaphors -- 18. Some consequences for theories of conceptual structure -- 19. Definition and understanding -- 20. How metaphor can give meaning to form -- 21. New meaning -- 22. The creation of similarity -- 23. Metaphor, truth, and action -- 24. Truth -- 25. The myths of objectivism and subjectivism -- 26. The myth of objectivism in Western philosophy and linguistics -- 27. How metaphor reveals the limitations of the myth of objectivism -- 28. Some inadequacies of the myth of subjectivism -- 29. The experientialist alternative: giving new meaning to the old myths -- 30. Understanding
Abstract Gender stereotyping remains a pervasive issue in society. Gender stereotypes are cognitive structures containing socially shared knowledge and expectations about women and men. Research has found that the dimensions evaluation (sweetheart vs. bitch) and traditionality (businessman vs. stay-at-home dad) have high explanatory power for identifying gender stereotypes. As a pilot study, the current paper investigates the traditionality and evaluation perceptions of expressions for women and men in English and Spanish, analysing them in the framework of Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy Theory. In an online questionnaire, university students in London and Madrid rated 20 expressions for women (e.g. Eng. bitch, Spa. princesa) and men (e.g. Eng. player, Spa. cabrón), previously produced by themselves in single brainstorming sessions. The results indicate the existence of gender stereotypes, especially regarding promiscuity, and a correlation between traditionality and evaluation. Surprisingly and contrary to previous research, female participants produce more promiscuous subtypes than male participants.
Based on an analysis of a corpus of Arabic e-commerce websites, this article investigates the use of figurative language in e-business texts. While our focus is on metaphors, we also incorporate the related concept of metonymy to explain the data. Using the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis, we examine the linguistic and conceptual metaphors used in e-commerce texts. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the metaphor of COMPANIES ARE LIVING ORGANISMS is the most prevailing one and provides the cognitive frame within which the e-commerce texts are constructed. Entailments and specifications of this cognitive metaphor further structure the texts. Other cognitive metaphors that underlie the text are those of a FORWARD MOVEMENT, PATH—GOAL, and COMPANIES ARE COMPLEX STRUCTURES. On a more general level, we show that despite the fact that the e-commerce text is in Arabic, the underlying cognitive framework is not much different from that in other Western languages. We do, however, find some linguistic strategies that attempt to make the text sound more typically Arabic.
The research featured legal terms formed according to the semantic method, e.g. semantic generalization, expansion / narrowing of meaning, institutional specification, metonymic or metaphorical transfer, their correlation, etc. The author highlighted the interconnection of semantic term formation and polysemy. The article contains a list of factors that cause ambiguity of legal concepts: (a) the author of the legislative text and the recipient; (b) the open nature of the legal terminological system, as well as the reproduction of multivalued lexemes in the laws and their reinterpretation; (c) the development of various variants of legislative definitions, etc. The paper focuses on semantic generalization and institutional specification of legal concepts. The author describes the interconnection of denotative-predicative and logical-conceptual approaches, as well as the mechanism of generalization and abstraction of lexical meaning. The differences of metonymic and metaphorical transfers were interpreted in terms of contrasting functions, models of education, and connotation potential. The research revealed a high productivity of metonymic transfer and legal concepts based on a combination of different types of semantic terminology. The study featured the texts of Russian Federal and regional laws. The author applied various approaches, e.g. discursive, contextual, intertextual, component, denotative-predicative, logical-conceptual, interpretative, comparative, etc. The results, conclusions, and illustrative material presented in this work may be of some interest to scientists and practitioners who study legal terminology, legal texts, and issues of the Russian language as a state language. ; Представлены общие результаты исследования юридических понятий, образованных семантическим способом (с помощью семантической генерализации, расширения значения, институциональной спецификации, сужения значения, метонимического переноса, метафорического переноса или их корреляции). Отмечается взаимосвязь семантического терминообразования и полисемии. Называются причины неизбежности неоднозначности юридических понятий: (а) фактор создателя законодательного текста и адресата-реципиента; (б) открытость правовой терминосистемы, воспроизводство в текстах законов многозначных лексем, их переосмысление; (в) создание вариантов законодательных дефиниций и др. Особое внимание уделяется семантической генерализации и институциональной спецификации юридических понятий. Показывается взаимосвязь денотативно-предикативного и логико-понятийного подходов, механизм обобщения и абстрагирования лексического значения. В аспекте противопоставления функций, моделей образования и коннотационного потенциала рассматриваются различия метонимического и метафорического переносов. Отмечается высокая продуктивность метонимического переноса, а также юридических понятий, которые возникли на основе комбинации разных видов семантического терминообразования. Исследование проведено на базе текстов российских федеральных и региональных законов, с учетом применения различных подходов: дискурсивного, контекстуального, интертекстуального, компонентного, денотативно-предикативного, логико-понятийного, интерпретационного, сравнительного. Представленные в работе результаты, выводы и иллюстративный материал могут быть полезны ученым и практикам, которые исследуют юридическую терминологию, правовые тексты, вопросы русского языка как государственного.
The article discusses the dynamics of the cognitive potential development of the precedent anthroponym, i.e. a nationally and culturally marked proper name that reflects discursive and pragmatic trends in the evolution of a single language unit within a fixed time frame. The analysis of the data of lexicographic sources along with the data of discourse practices and the psycholinguistic experiment has helped the authors to identify the distinctive features of such lingua-mental phenomenon as the precedent anthroponym. Also, the main types of the transformations that contribute to further development of cognitive potential of the precedent anthroponym have been described. The fact that the differential characteristics of a proper name comprise the perceptual invariant of the precedent anthroponym is of outmost importance. The connection of the precedent anthroponym with some additional knowledge ensures its successful functioning. Hence, one more unique peculiarity of the cognitive potential of the precedent anthroponym is the possibility of conceptual evolution that results in the formation of a new meaning. So, it has been proved that the cognitive potential of the precedent anthroponym enables this linguistic unit to go through several stages of its possible conceptual development in discursive practice: the stage of denotative use, the stage of connotative use, the stage of the external form transformation (word-formation and deonymic conversion), the stage of metaphorization and metonymy, the stage of phraseologization and idiomatization, and the stage of a word play. The results of the study create awareness about the mechanism of secondary conceptualization of knowledge and make a contribution to the development of modern cognitive linguistics.
Intro -- Body Part Terms in Conceptualization and Language Usage -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Previous studies on embodiment and body part terms -- 2. An overview of the volume -- References -- Part 1. General and Contrastive Studies -- Linguistic embodiment in linguistic experience: A corpus-based study -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Language and thought in metaphor studies -- 3. A corpus-based study of Chinese body-part terms for "face" and "heart" -- 3.1 The Chinese "face" -- 3.2 The Chinese "heart" -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Polysemic chains, body parts and embodiment -- 1. Perceptual and action-based grounding of cognition -- 2. Intralingual and interlingual polysemic displacement and meaning reconceptualization -- 3. Metonymy -- 4. Metonymic grammaticalization displacement chains -- 5. Metaphoricity - polysemous extensions into other domains -- 5.1. Bi-directionality of body part names polysemies -- 5.1. Metaphtonymy -- 5.2. Complex blended portmanteau forms -- 6. Interlinguistic conceptual displacement -- 7. Cultural conceptualizations and re-conceptualizations -- 8. Typology of polysemic embodied extension basis -- 9. Body schema and the Embodiment Hypothesis -- References -- Internet sources -- Body-part terms as a linguistic topic and the relevance of body-parts as tools -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Origins and structures of simplex body-part terms -- 2.1. 'Borrowed, derived and metaphorical terms for body-parts' -- 2.2. 'Compound body-part terms' -- 2.3. 'Derivations denoting body-parts' -- 3. Body-parts of objects -- 4. Body-parts with tool-functions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Towards a semantic lexicon of body part terms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Embodied cognition and linguistic embodiment.
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The article set out to reveal the specific features of secondary somatic nominations in media texts in the spheres of economy, business, and politics. The significance of the problem under study is implied by a need for elucidating the evolution of language consciousness by shedding light on how corporeal lexis in the Russian language is involved in verbalization of reality in the spheres in question. The study demonstrated that secondary somatic nominations evolve due to transformation of the meaning of a linguistic unit, whose primary meaning is associated with various aspects of the human body existence. This transformation of the meaning seems to be a common way of denotating reality in the texts under investigation. We specified the sources of somatic expansion, whose semantic content is most frequently redefined in the thematic fields in question. We also identified the denotation areas (conceptual fields) where corporeal lexis is used in their secondary meanings. Our research demonstrated considerable pragmatic potential of the texts including somatic linguistic units. We established that their evaluative content results from axiological connotations associated with various corporeal concepts in the Russian linguoculture. Their expressiveness is achieved due to imagery created by unusual contextualization of somatic linguistic units. The results of the current study made it possible to establish the ways of transforming the meanings of somatic linguistic units in the investigated spheres in the Russian language. Transformation of the meanings of somatic lexis occurs by using metaphors, metonymy, similes, irony, epithets, oxymoron, gradation, language game, etc.
O presente trabalho trata de um estudo da utilização do recurso da exemplificação em livros didáticos de Sociologia, de maneira a compreender parte de como o processo se desenrolou nos ditos instrumentos educativos. Por meio de uma revisão conceitual, foi determinado que o exemplo pode assumir uma polissemia, que parte desde a metonímia, da demonstração ou de um modelo comportamental, de modo que também discutimos a sua utilidade para o processo didático em um geral e em específico para a didática do ensino de Sociologia. O corpus empírico foi baseado em três livros didáticos de Sociologia para o Ensino Médio, selecionados do Programa Nacional do Livro e do Material Didático (PNLD): "Sociologia para o Ensino Médio" (2012), "Sociologia para Jovens no Século XXI" (2015) e "Sociologia Hoje" (2018). O foco do estudo foi no conceito de neoliberalismo, cujas recorrências no material foram investigadas por uma análise de conteúdo. Palavras-chaves: Ensino de Sociologia. Livro Didático. Neoliberalismo.
Abstract The present paper deals with a study of the use of the resource of exemplification in textbooks of Sociology, in order to understand part of how the process unfolded in the called educational instruments. Through a conceptual review, it was determined that the example can assume a polysemy, starting from metonymy, from the demonstration or from a behavioral model, so that we also discuss its usefulness for the didactic process in general and specifically for the didactics of Sociology teaching. The empirical corpus was based in three textbooks on Sociology for High School: "Sociologia para o Ensino Médio" (2012), "Sociologia para Jovens no Século XXI" (2015) and "Sociologia Hoje" (2018). The focus of the study was on the concept of neoliberalism, whose recurrences in the material were investigated by a content analysis.
AbstractEmbodied image schemas are central to experientialist accounts of meaning-making. Research from several disciplines has evidenced their pervasiveness in motivating form and meaning in both literal and figurative expressions across diverse semiotic systems and art forms (e.g., Gibbs and Colston; Hampe; Johnson; Lakoff; and Mandler). This paper aims to highlight structural similarities between, on the one hand, dynamic image schemas and force schemas and, on the other, hand shapes and gestural movements. Such flexible correspondences between conceptual and gestural schematicity are assumed to partly stem from experiential bases shared by incrementally internalized conceptual structures and the repeated gestural (re-) enacting of bodily actions as well as more abstractsemantic primitives(Lakoff). Gestures typically consist of evanescent, metonymically reduced hand configurations, motion onsets, or movement traces that minimally suggest, for instance, a PATH, the idea of CONTAINMENT, an IN-OUT spatial relation, or the momentary loss of emotional BALANCE. So, while physical in nature, gestures often emerge as rather schematic gestalts that, as such, have the capacity to vividly convey essential semantic and pragmatic aspects of high relevance to the speaker. It is further argued that gesturally instantiated image schemas and force dynamics are inherently meaningful structures that typically underlie more complex semantic and pragmatic processes involving, for instance, metonymy, metaphor, and frames. First, I discuss previous work on how image schemas, force gestalts, and mimetic schemas may underpin hand gestures and body postures. Drawing on Gibbs' dynamic systems account of image schemas, I then introduce an array of tendencies in gestural image schema enactments:body-inherent/self-oriented(body as image-schematic structure; forces acting upon the body);environment-oriented(material culture including spatial structures), andinterlocutor-oriented(intersubjective understanding). Adopting a dynamic systems perspective (e.g.,Thompson and Varela) thus puts the focus on how image schemas and force gestalts that operate in gesture may function as cognitive-semiotic organizing principles that underpin a) the physical and cognitive self-regulation of speakers; b) how they interact with the (virtual) environment while talking; and c) intersubjective instances of resonance and understanding between interlocutors or between an artwork and its beholder. Examples of these patterns are enriched by video and motion-capture data, showing how numeric kinetic data allow one to measure the temporal and spatial dimensions of gestural articulations and to visualize movement traces.
