Suchergebnisse

Despite the growth of digital media, traditional FM radio airplay still remains the essential way for musicians to achieve commercial success. Climbing the Charts examines how songs rise, or fail to rise, up the radio airplay charts. Looking at the relationships between record labels, tastemakers, and the public, Gabriel Rossman develops a clear picture of the roles of key players and the gatekeeping mechanisms in the commercial music industry. Along the way, he explores its massive inequalities, debunks many popular misconceptions about radio stations' abilities to dictate hits, and shows how a song diffuses throughout the nation to become a massive success. Contrary to the common belief that Clear Channel sees every sparrow that falls, Rossman demonstrates that corporate radio chains neither micromanage the routine decision of when to start playing a new single nor make top-down decisions to blacklist such politically inconvenient artists as the Dixie Chicks. Neither do stations imitate either ordinary peers or the so-called kingmaker radio stations who are wrongly believed to be able to make or break a single. Instead, Rossman shows that hits spread rapidly across radio because they clearly conform to an identifiable style or genre. Radio stations respond to these songs, and major labels put their money behind them through extensive marketing and promotion efforts, including the illegal yet time-honored practice of payoffs known within the industry as payola. Climbing the Charts provides a fresh take on the music industry and a model for understanding the diffusion of innovation.

Acknowledgements: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement no. 765289. Project website: www.flowcamp-project.eu ; The all-quinone organic redox flow battery shows promise as a low-cost, sustainable energy storage device. As most flow batteries, membranes play a critical role in the performance and cycling stability of the device. In this work, we aim to characterize the transport processes in cation exchange membranes via multicomponent diffusion theory in order to predict crossover rates, and estimate trade-offs between performance and stability. Characterization experiments on the membranes (namely: conductivity, proton transport number, electro-osmotic coefficient and permeability coefficient for quinones) allow to establish a multicomponent diffusion system of equations, solved using MATLAB. The model is validated with crossover fluxs measurements under varying conditions. The influence of thickness, water content and conductivity is assessed, for different commercial membranes (Nafion® and Fumasep). Their impact on cell performance is estimated through an in-house 1D electro-chemical model of the cells developed using COMSOL Multiphysics. This model accounts for the kinetics of the redox reactions happening at the electrode/electrolyte interface (taking in account mass and charge transports), in a flow-through graphite felt electrode with 0.2M anthraquinone (negative side) and 0.2M benzoquinone (positive side) dissolved in sulfuric acid. The model is validated using cell testing equipment provided by JenaBatteries under the scope of the FlowCamp project.

Abstract
This article explores the reasons behind the relatively slow diffusion of washing machines in interwar America and the rise and decline of a distinctive marketing strategy employed to accelerate diffusion: door-to-door sales. Washers represented a particularly difficult selling challenge, as many white-collar households (and, in the South, most white families) had already outsourced some, or all, of their washing, to a laundress or a commercial laundry. Consumer resistance to machine washing was particularly strong in the South, reflecting both the greater availability and lower cost of black domestic servants, together with attitudes, inherited from the slavery era, that clothes washing was beneath the dignity of white women. During the 1920s, washers were mainly sold door-to-door, by salesmen who focused primarily on the large number of blue-collar families who relied on manual home washing. The Depression witnessed a change in the washer market, with a greater emphasis on over-the-counter selling and price competition. Yet diffusion remained relatively slow, as the sector failed to provide a machine that would give housewives what they wanted—a means of doing their laundry within the privacy of the family unit, without significant inputs of either effort or time.

Résumé Dans la deuxième partie du XIX e siècle, la combinaison de l'expansion industrielle et commerciale britannique, de la diffusion progressive des voyages et de l'enseignement des langues vivantes, y compris auprès de la petite bourgeoisie, contribue à étendre le nombre et le type d'agents susceptibles de manipuler les choses anglaises, bien linguistique et symbolique dont l'aristocratie possédait antérieurement le quasi monopole. À condition de mettre au jour les conditions sociales de possibilité de l'hypersensibilité linguistique qui porte Marcel Proust, ethnographe et sociolinguiste (avant l'heure) des classes dominantes entre les années 1870 et 1920, à l'objectivation des stratégies de distinction linguistique de ses contemporains, on peut voir dans À la recherche du temps perdu un document précieux pour rapporter les transformations de l'usage des choses et des mots anglais aux transformations de l'espace social et de ses modes de reproduction, notamment scolaires.

Abstract This study used a longitudinal, panel design to examine the effects of negative information acquisition, compliance with opinion leader endorsements, and social demographic characteristics on consumers' symbolic adoption of food irradiation. Data collection coincided with the first market test of irradiated food conducted by a commercial firm, which took place in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2000. Approximately half the subjects (N= 116) received a packet containing information from proponents and opponents of food irradiation. The remaining subjects (N= 107) were provided with no information about the technology. The results indicated that, initially, negative information acquisition, even when accompanied by positive endorsements from opinion leaders, decreased symbolic adoption. Over time, however, this negative effect was mitigated by compliance with endorsements from opinion leaders. The results suggest that confidence in social institutions might be a determinant as well as an outcome of adoption decisions. Implications are suggested for risk communication strategies regarding controversial agricultural technologies.

The development of contemporary, post-disco dance music and its associated culture, as representative of a (supposedly) underground, radical subculture, has been given extensive consideration within popular music studies. Significantly less attention has been given to the commercial, mainstream manifestations of this music. Furthermore, demonstrating the influence of subculture theory, existing studies of dance culture focus largely on youth-based audience participation, and as such, those who engage with dance music on a professional level have been somewhat overlooked. In an attempt to rectify these imbalances, this paper examines the contemporary commercial dance music scene in Sydney, Australia, incorporating an analytical framework that revolves mainly around the work of DJs and the commercial scene they operate within. Given the increasingly global and corporate nature of the dance music scene, there is a sense that the music and culture are becoming less 'local' and more 'international', with this global movement affecting the identity and development of local scenes, the understandings and practices of those who are involved with these scenes, and the very definition of a 'scene' itself. The ideas, opinions and interpretations of a selection of local DJs and other music industry practitioners who work in Sydney are central to the paper's analysis of DJ culture within the city. It is my intention to place the local scene in Sydney into some sort of wider cultural and global context, but at the same time to highlight what aspects of the scene give it a unique local identity. Being a scene that relies quite heavily on overseas dance culture, and indeed places a certain emphasis on the cultural value of overseas music and international DJs, it can be somewhat difficult for local DJs and producers to establish themselves, and thus a certain tension exists between the local and the global.

If a "structural" theory is one that purports to explain behavior in terms of environmental conditions and that largely eschews analysis of the internal processes of decision makers, then it is difficult to identify a theory of commercial policy which is not "structural." Most microeconomic theory is structural; so are most balance-of-power theories. In the realm of theories of commercial policy, hegemonic stability theories as well as some recently developed theories of international tariff levels fit this description. In the latter category Judith Goldstein's work, which attempts to account for American commercial policy in terms of the ideology of American central decision makers, and Charles Kindleberger's ambitious sketch of a general theory of 19th-century tariff changes in terms of the diffusion of liberal ideology constitute lonely examples of nonstructural research strategies.

The Internet and its commercial applications in electronic commerce, particularly new ventures like B2B e‐markets, are experiencing a volatile introduction to the business environment. Businesses are restructuring and forming networks in an effort to accommodate and use this new phenomenon to their advantage. From this perspective, this article offers a conceptual framework on the process of creating these new ventures, the impact of network champions in the creation process and the strategic significance of the competency‐destroying innovation (Internet) for buyers and sellers who join the B2B e‐market. Several working propositions are developed from the extant literature that should be useful for empirical work on how new B2B e‐markets are implemented. The paper presents a refined proposition based on a field study of a B2B e‐market case.

AbstractComparing Internet diffusion policies in the United States and France from an implementation perspective brings to light institutional and historical differences, even though both countries used the same top‐down approach. We find that France not only followed the technological lead of the United States in information technology but also emulated some of its more business‐oriented approaches in the implementation of the Internet, despite its own longstanding tradition of government intervention in industrial and commercial matters. This policy shift appears to be spurred by the global economy. Traditionally state‐controlled national economies are now increasingly leveraging private interests for successful industrial policy. When applying Sabatier and Jenkins‐Smith's advocacy coalition framework to the American and French diffusion of the Internet, we find policy communities actually expanding to private and public actors, including industry captains, legislators, and civil servants. These subsystems work together through classic lawmaking and lobbying under technological and economic constraints.

Le commerce et les biens culturels sont une source d'antagonisme et de désaccords tant au niveau national qu'international. La culture est un champ d'intérêt commercial considérable ainsi qu'une expression profondément significative du patrimoine national et du dynamisme artistique. D'ailleurs, la culture est inéluctablement vouée à osciller entre la sphère artistique et la sphère marchande. La nature ambiguë et équivoque des activités et des expressions culturelles - et en particulier audiovisuelles - suspendues entre l'art et l'industrie, entre la production symbolique et la production matérielle, suscite de plus en plus un débat politique à la fois virulent et polémique sur la scène internationale.La question de la préservation de la diversité des expressions culturelles et la nécessité de la protection « des écosystèmes culturels » dans le contexte de globalisation croissante économique et financière a pris depuis une quinzaine d'années une ampleur, difficilement imaginée auparavant. En effet, la problématique de base qui est soulevée est celle de la circulation des produits culturels à l'échelle mondiale, régionale, ainsi que nationale et celle du traitement à accorder aux biens/services culturels et artistiques dans les accords commerciaux internationaux. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience ; Dans l'archipel mélanésien du Vanuatu, composé de plus de quatre-vingts îles, il n'est pas toujours évident pour les habitants d'être intégrés dans des réseaux des diffusions nationales, ni de se faire entendre. Avec les mouvements pour l'indépendance (1980), la radio a joué un rôle important pour la construction d'une identité nationale unifiée autour de la notion de la kastom (de « custom » anglais en lingua franca locale). Cependant, la diversité linguistique et culturelle de ces îles s'est très vite fait entendre dans des émissions radiophoniques interactives, à travers les discours sur la propriété et la légitimité de la parole concernant des savoirs locaux. À partir des années 1990, les médias nationaux ont glissé vers une politique plus commerciale en faveur des rediffusions étrangères, laissant un vide médiatique pour la majorité des îles éloignées de la capitale. Plus récemment, la mise en place des politiques de valorisation des cultures locales et des populations dites « marginalisées » encouragent à nouveau le développement des diffusions provenant des provinces rurales. Les possibilités qui s'ouvrent ainsi aux différentes communautés isolées, trouvent alors à travers les médias (radio, internet et industrie musicale) un moyen de se faire entendre et d'exister. Ces possibilités ravivent à nouveau le sentiment des droits sur certaines expressions culturelles et des discours identitaires. À travers l'histoire des médias et de l'industrie musicale au Vanuatu, nous allons essayer d'aborder les problématiques délicates de la diffusion des savoirs musicaux et de ses limites.

International audience ; Dans l'archipel mélanésien du Vanuatu, composé de plus de quatre-vingts îles, il n'est pas toujours évident pour les habitants d'être intégrés dans des réseaux des diffusions nationales, ni de se faire entendre. Avec les mouvements pour l'indépendance (1980), la radio a joué un rôle important pour la construction d'une identité nationale unifiée autour de la notion de la kastom (de « custom » anglais en lingua franca locale). Cependant, la diversité linguistique et culturelle de ces îles s'est très vite fait entendre dans des émissions radiophoniques interactives, à travers les discours sur la propriété et la légitimité de la parole concernant des savoirs locaux. À partir des années 1990, les médias nationaux ont glissé vers une politique plus commerciale en faveur des rediffusions étrangères, laissant un vide médiatique pour la majorité des îles éloignées de la capitale. Plus récemment, la mise en place des politiques de valorisation des cultures locales et des populations dites « marginalisées » encouragent à nouveau le développement des diffusions provenant des provinces rurales. Les possibilités qui s'ouvrent ainsi aux différentes communautés isolées, trouvent alors à travers les médias (radio, internet et industrie musicale) un moyen de se faire entendre et d'exister. Ces possibilités ravivent à nouveau le sentiment des droits sur certaines expressions culturelles et des discours identitaires. À travers l'histoire des médias et de l'industrie musicale au Vanuatu, nous allons essayer d'aborder les problématiques délicates de la diffusion des savoirs musicaux et de ses limites.

International audience ; Dans l'archipel mélanésien du Vanuatu, composé de plus de quatre-vingts îles, il n'est pas toujours évident pour les habitants d'être intégrés dans des réseaux des diffusions nationales, ni de se faire entendre. Avec les mouvements pour l'indépendance (1980), la radio a joué un rôle important pour la construction d'une identité nationale unifiée autour de la notion de la kastom (de « custom » anglais en lingua franca locale). Cependant, la diversité linguistique et culturelle de ces îles s'est très vite fait entendre dans des émissions radiophoniques interactives, à travers les discours sur la propriété et la légitimité de la parole concernant des savoirs locaux. À partir des années 1990, les médias nationaux ont glissé vers une politique plus commerciale en faveur des rediffusions étrangères, laissant un vide médiatique pour la majorité des îles éloignées de la capitale. Plus récemment, la mise en place des politiques de valorisation des cultures locales et des populations dites « marginalisées » encouragent à nouveau le développement des diffusions provenant des provinces rurales. Les possibilités qui s'ouvrent ainsi aux différentes communautés isolées, trouvent alors à travers les médias (radio, internet et industrie musicale) un moyen de se faire entendre et d'exister. Ces possibilités ravivent à nouveau le sentiment des droits sur certaines expressions culturelles et des discours identitaires. À travers l'histoire des médias et de l'industrie musicale au Vanuatu, nous allons essayer d'aborder les problématiques délicates de la diffusion des savoirs musicaux et de ses limites.

Over the past several decades, over 100 countries have passed legislation banning commercial organ transplantation. What explains this rapid, global diffusion of laws? Based on qualitative data from in-depth interviews, historical analysis, and secondary sources, this paper explores the role played by the medical epistemic community and human rights in the global spread of laws against the organ trade. In addition to shaping, guiding, and influencing norms and approaches to transplantation, the epistemic community has been instrumental in the development of various resolutions, policy initiatives, recommended practices, statements, legislation, and model laws. Moreover, the epistemic community helped position the organ trade as an issue of societal and global importance, and it persistently encouraged states to undertake actions, such as implementing legislation, to combat the organ trade. Critically, the epistemic community's efforts against the organ trade incorporated the concepts of human rights, integrity, and dignity, which had diffused globally and become institutionalized in the period after WWII.

Abstract
This paper analyzes how university patents encourage university-firm collaboration for technology transfer. Focusing on factors other than competition, I find that the two may not collaborate either because the firm finds in-house development cheaper, or because of a disagreement about the potential product's profitability. In both cases, university patents can encourage collaboration by increasing the invention's diffusion time, and therefore play a role even in the absence of any competition. The model also suggests instances in which we can expect to see a greater impact of university patents on collaboration. Even when patents increase collaboration, they do not necessarily increase welfare. The findings are relevant for the debates on the Bayh-Dole Act, which gave universities a blanket right to patent and license inventions resulting from federally funded research.