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Association between gut dysbiosis and neurogenic diseases, such as hypertension, has been described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in the gut microbiota alter gut-brain interactions inducing changes in blood pressure (BP). Recipient normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were orally gavaged with donor fecal contents from SHR and WKY. We divided the animals into four groups: WKY transplanted with WKY microbiota (W-W), SHR with SHR (S-S), WKY with SHR (W-S) and SHR with WKY (S-W). Basal systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were reduced with no change in heart rate as a result of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from WKY rats to SHR. Similarly, FMT from SHR to WKY increased basal SBP and DBP. Increases in both NADPH oxidase-driven reactive oxygen species production and proinflammatory cytokines in brain paraventricular nucleus linked to higher BP drop with pentolinium and plasmatic noradrenaline (NA) levels were found in the S-S group as compared to the W-W group. These parameters were reduced by FMT from WKY to SHR. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels and NA content in the proximal colon, whereas reduced mRNA levels of gap junction proteins, were found in the S-S group as compared to the W-W group. These changes were inhibited by FMT from WKY to SHR. According to our correlation analyses, the abundance of Blautia and Odoribacter showed a negative correlation with high SBP. In conclusion, in SHR gut microbiota is an important factor involved in BP control, at least in part, as consequence of its effect on neuroinflammation and the sympathetic nervous system activity. ; This work was funded by grants from Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (SAF2017-8489-R, AGL2015-67995- C3-3-R, and SAF2014-55523-R), Junta de Andalucía (Proyecto de Excelencia P12-CTS-2722 and CTS-164) with support from the European Union, and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CV, CIBER-EHD), Spain. MS is a postdoctoral fellow of Junta de Andalucía. MR is postdoctoral fellow of University of Granada. IR-V is a predoctoral fellow of MINECO. The cost of this publication was paid in part with FEDER funds.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzes the regulation of and developments in blood donation in China from 1996 to 2019, and demonstrates the government's efforts to improve blood safety. RESULTS: Since the implementation of the Blood Donation Law in 1998, the number of blood donors in China increased by 275% from 1998 to 2018 (from 4 million to 15 million). The principle of no-fault liability was proposed and has been applied since 2010 to the tort liability related to blood transfusion malpractice. In 2015, mutual blood donation accounted for 4.2% of the national collection. However, in some provinces of China, the percentage of mutual blood donation increased from 9.3 to 35.6% in 2016. The National Health Commission canceled mutual blood donation in March of 2018. Since 2015, nucleic acid amplification testing has become a routine test item for screening blood. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese government institutionalized the voluntary non-remunerated donation principle, enacted regulations for the management of blood transfusion, and adopted advanced blood testing technology to sustain blood supply and ensure blood safety. Despite increased blood donation, blood shortages persist. The quality and safety of blood collection can be further improved through the cancellation of mutual blood donation and incentive measures for voluntary non-remunerated donation of blood, which needs facilitation by governmental legislation.

Blood transfusion remains a routine life-saving medical procedure that helps replace blood lost due to surgery, injury or disease. The quality of transfused blood is crucial in this process as blood donors must be free of transfusion-transmissible infections and donated blood should be compatible to that of the recipient. The quality of donated blood could be affected by the quality of in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs) used in the screening process. Consequently, the need for high-quality, safe and well-performing IVDs for use in transfusion medicine arises, accompanied by the need for tight regulations in this domain. In the European Union, the new IVD Regulation will replace the existing IVD Directive within a five-year transitional period. Manufacturers of IVDs are expected to fully comply with the new Regulation by 26 May 2022. In this review, we address the major differences relating to marketing authorization and testing between this new Regulation and its predecessor. We further present the main elements of the prequalification assessment introduced by the WHO for IVDs, including disease-specific IVDs for blood screening laboratories.

Stem cell niches provide the micro-environment for the development of stem cells. Under our culturing regimen, a kind of osteoclast-centralized structure supports the proliferation of MSCs, derived from human cord blood, once they reside on osteoclasts. MSCs in this structure expressed Oct4 which is a marker of embryonic stem cells. Floating daughter cells of MSCs colony showed abilities to differentiate into osteocyte, adipocyte, and neuronal progenitor cells. Compared with the easy senescence of MSCs without this niche-like structure in vitro, these results suggested that osteoclasts might play an important role the development and maintenance of Umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived MSCs and might provide a means to expand UCB-MSCs in vitro, more easily, through a stem cell niche-like structure. ; This study was supported by a grant from Seoul Research and Business Development Program (10548) and this work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD). This work was also further supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (M10641450002-06N4145-00200). We appreciate the great contributes of Dr. James E. Trosko (National Food Safety Toxicology Center, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA), who helped to revise and fully discussed on this manuscript.

Blood is now essential for a widening repertoire of therapies and with this comes new forms of regulation and governmentality focused on the collection, use and storage of blood. Here blood begins to lose its `natural' underpinnings as it is drawn into the realms of the synthetic and the scientific. However, this change in theoretical lens obscures the ways that, in practice, constructing a `modern' blood compatible with the demands of the global biopolis is elided with prosaic uses of blood donation that convey powerful cultural and political messages at the local level. In a setting where, in recent decades, war, violence and the threat of social disintegration have been woven into the project of development and modernity, attempts at an alignment, or what might be characterized as the haemato-global assemblage, reveal significant tensions. The main one that I explore in this article is that between the aspiration to create an international blood donation service in which ideas of citizens and national solidarity are articulated through freely and altruistically gifted blood on the one hand and, on the other, the more potent and symbolically loaded ideas of blood, which come to the fore when connection and identity are threatened.

Preface -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Safety -- Chapter 1: The Safety of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Stem Cell Sources -- 1.2.1 Bone Marrow -- 1.2.2 Peripheral Blood Stem Cells -- 1.2.3 Umbilical Cord Blood -- 1.3 Donor Selection and Testing -- 1.3.1 HLA Restrictions -- 1.3.2 Related Donor -- 1.3.3 Unrelated Donor -- 1.3.4 Cord Blood -- 1.4 Reported Microbiological Transmissions -- 1.4.1 Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) -- 1.4.1.1 Prevention of HIV Transmission by a Viremic Donor -- 1.4.2 Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) -- 1.4.2.1 How to Proceed with Anti-HBc-Positive Donors? -- 1.4.2.2 Prevention of HBV Infection in Case of HBV Viremic Donors -- 1.4.3 Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) -- 1.4.3.1 Prevention of HCV Transmission -- 1.4.4 Transmission of HTLV-I + II -- 1.4.5 Cytomegalic Virus (CMV) in CMV-Negative Recipients -- 1.4.6 Possible Risks from Donors with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) -- 1.4.7 Transmission of Treponema pallidum -- 1.4.8 Commensal Bacteria -- 1.4.9 Other Pathogens -- 1.5 Transfusion-Related Complications -- 1.5.1 Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) -- 1.5.2 Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (HTR) -- 1.6 Risk of Transmission of Donor-Derived Noninfectious Diseases -- 1.6.1 Possible Long-Time Effects -- 1.6.2 Donor-Derived Malignancies -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy and Safety Concerns in Age-Related Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 2.1 Overview of Age-Related Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 2.1.1 Alzheimer's Disease -- 2.1.2 Parkinson's Disease -- 2.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Technology -- 2.2.1 Reprogramming Methods -- 2.2.1.1 Viral Vector-Based Methods -- 2.2.1.2 Naked DNA-Based Methods -- 2.2.1.3 Non-DNA-Based Methods -- 2.3 Applications of iPSCs

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is an absolutely thing which has to do in every units of blood providers to eliminate the risks in the quality of Blood Providing Unit under the control of BPOM. The purposes of this research are; to get the information in budgeting aspect and government regulation; quality and personnel management; buildings, facilities and equipment; and the documentations of giving blood transfusion service according to GMP in UTD PMI of Polewali Mandar. The research method is qualitative based on the case study. UTD PMI of Polewali Mandar has not applied this as well as the others yet. Because of the government's regulation has not inclined yet. UTD PMI of Polewali Mandar is not consistent yet with GMP because of the low quality of the human resources. The buildings, facilities and equipment are not in compliance with GMP standard. The documentation is simple, it is incomplete and no commitment yet to make it runs. To overcome those obstacles, the comprehensive strategies are needed; such as government should publish the government regulation to support the blood services according to GMP and the commitment from the other parties to run it properly.

Road safety is of increasing concern in developed countries because of the significant number of deaths and large economic losses. One tool commonly used by governments to deal with road accidents is the enactment of stricter policies and regulations. Drunk driving is one of the leading concerns in this field and several European countries have decided to lower their illegal Blood Alcohol Content levels to 0.5 mg/ml over the last decade. This study uses European panel-based data (CARE) for the period 1991-2003 for the first time to evaluate the effectiveness of this transition by applying the differences-in-differences method in a fixed effects estimation that allows for any pattern of correlation (Cluster-Robust). The results show positive policy impacts, particularly on certain groups of victims, such as young males in urban zones. However there are reasons to expect a short lag in that effectiveness. [Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.]

Despite a dramatic decline in transfusion-associated AIDS, increased safety of the national blood supply, and voluntary efforts to find alternatives to homologous blood sources, Americans remain fearful about the possibility of acquiring AIDS through a blood transfusion. Numerous states have initiated legislative efforts that would require explicit warnings about blood safety and that would direct patients to alternative sources of blood. These proposed laws—known as MANTRA bills, for "mandatory notification of transfusion alternatives"—would require physicians to advise patients of blood transfusion options prior to any surgery. Many would mandate the development of new informed consent documents and involve health departments in the implementation of new regulations regarding transfusions. This article concludes that MANTRA legislation is primarily a symbolic attempt to reassure the public about AIDS. It mandates practices that are being adopted voluntarily; it will not make the blood supply safer; it will increase the cost of health care to individuals and in the aggregate; it may diminish the number of donors to the voluntary blood supply system; and it is likely to intensify public fear about the risk of a blood transfusion.

Intro -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Author's Note -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Long Island -- Fertile Land -- Demand for Labor -- 2. The Birth Of An Era -- Labor Laws -- Labor Camp Regulations -- A New Era -- 3. The Labor Camps -- The Cutchogue Labor Camp -- The Greenport Labor Camp -- The North Fork -- Riverhead -- Shelter Island -- The South Fork and Western Suffolk County -- 4. The Migratory Labor System -- The Crew Leaders -- Labor Camp Economics: "Dust for Blood" -- The Odyssey of Alfonzo Mahone -- The Puerto Rican Labor Contracts -- 5. The Toll On The Life Of a Migrant Worker -- Psychological Effects -- Health and Safety Concerns -- Crime and Violence -- Death at the Camps -- 6. Call To Action -- Enforcement -- Judicial Intervention -- Advocacy -- The Cost of Inaction -- 7. Settlement In Riverhead -- Introduction -- The Rise and Fall of the Long Island Duck Industry -- Environmental Impacts -- The Riverhead Housing Problem -- Death in Riverhead -- 8. The End Of An Era -- The Demise of the Labor Camps -- Shameful Legacy -- Epilogue: Better Angels -- Labor Camp Index -- Notes -- Bibliography -- About the Author.

BACKGROUND: While regulations for workplace lead exposure become more strict, their effectiveness in decreasing blood lead concentrations and the method by which this is attained have not been evaluated. METHODS: An analysis was conducted of 10,190 blood lead samples from employees of 10 high-risk workplaces collected in Manitoba, 1979-87, as part of regulated occupational surveillance. RESULTS: A significant decrease in blood lead concentrations was observed overall as well as for each individual company. A 1979 government regulation to reduce blood lead to below 3.38 mumol/L (70 micrograms/dl) was followed by a drop in blood lead concentrations; a 1983 order to reduce blood leads to below 2.90 mumol/L (60 micrograms/dl) was not followed by such a drop. Longitudinal analysis by individual workers suggested that companies were complying by use of administrative control, i.e., removing workers to lower lead areas until blood lead levels had fallen, then returning them to high lead areas. CONCLUSION: Focusing upon blood lead as the sole criterion for compliance is not effective; regulations must specifically require environmental monitoring and controls. Biological surveillance serves as "back-up" to environmental surveillance and this database illustrates the usefulness of a comprehensive centralized surveillance system.