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AbstractAccelerated degradation tests (ADTs) are widely used to assess lifetime information under normal use conditions for highly reliable products. For the accelerated tests, two basic assumptions are that changing stress levels does not affect the underlying distribution family and that there is stochastic ordering for the life distributions at different stress levels. The acceleration invariance (AI) principle for ADTs is proposed to study these fundamental assumptions. Using the AI principle, a theoretical connection between the model parameters and the accelerating variables is developed for Hougaard processes. This concept can be extended to heterogeneous gamma and inverse Gaussian processes. Simulation studies are presented to support the applicability and flexibility of the Hougaard process using the AI principle for ADTs. A real data analysis using the derived relationship is used to validate the AI principle for accelerated degradation analysis. All technical details, simulation results for nonlinear cases and model mis‐specification analysis are available online as Supporting Information.

Hyperspectral image (HSI) based detection has attracted considerable attention recently in agriculture, environmental protection and military applications as different wavelengths of light can be advantageously used to discriminate different types of objects. Unfortunately, estimating the background distribution and the detection of interesting local objects is not straightforward, and anomaly detectors may give false alarms. In this paper, a Deep Belief Network (DBN) based anomaly detector is proposed. The high-level features and reconstruction errors are learned through the network in a manner which is not affected by previous background distribution assumption. To reduce contamination by local anomalies, adaptive weights are constructed from reconstruction errors and statistical information. By using the code image which is generated during the inference of DBN and modified by adaptively updated weights, a local Euclidean distance between under test pixels and their neighboring pixels is used to determine the anomaly targets. Experimental results on synthetic and recorded HSI datasets show the performance of proposed method outperforms the classic global Reed-Xiaoli detector (RXD), local RX detector (LRXD) and the-state-of-the-art Collaborative Representation detector (CRD).

Hao Xu,1,2,* Sha-Jie Dang,3,4,* Yuan-Yuan Cui,1 Zhen-Yu Wu,1 Jun-Feng Zhang,2 Xiao-Peng Mei,5 Yu-Peng Feng,1 Yun-Qing Li1 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of China; 2Institution of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of China; 4The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of China; 5Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yun-Qing Li; Yu-Peng FengDepartment of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi, People's Republic of ChinaEmail deptanat@fmmu.edu.cn; fengyp@fmmu.edu.cnBackground and objective: Thalidomide (Tha) has been shown to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Whether Tha can alleviate spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Tha on the SNL-induced NP and further explore the potential analgesic mechanisms of Tha.Methods: The effects of Tha on SNL-induced mechanical allodynia were assessed by pain behavioral testing. The expressions of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the microglia marker Iba1 in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated by immunofluorescence histochemistry. Protein expressions of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the spinal dorsal horn were tested by Western blot assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA.Results: By the pretreatment with a single intraperitoneal injection, the PWMT in SNL+Tha group was significantly increased from day 1 to day 2 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). By the posttreatment with a single intraperitoneal injection, the PWMT in SNL+Tha group was also significantly increased from day 3 to day 4 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). By the posttreatment with multiple intraperitoneal injection, both the PWMT and the PWTL in SNL+Tha group were similarly significantly increased from day 3 to day 14 after SNL (P < 0.05 compared with SNL+Veh group). Furthermore, the GFAP and Iba1 expressions and TNF-α levels of the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn in SNL+Tha group were significantly weaker from day 3 to day 14 after SNL than those in SNL+Veh group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Tha can significantly alleviate NP induced by SNL. The analgesic mechanism may be related to inhibition of astrocyte and microglia activation as well as down-regulation of TNF-α levels in the spinal dorsal horn.Keywords: Tha, neuropathic pain, Glia, TNF-α, spinal nerve ligation