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ABSTRACTInteractions between primary care‐givers and people with mental handicaps have been a focus of eco‐behavioural studies. Many of these have classified verbalisations by staff and the people resident in long‐stay settings to indicate the nature of the linguistic environment and show that there is a low level of high quality interaction in these settings. A comparison between two separate wards in the same hospital was carried out to obtain baselines as part of a study of the efficacy of staff training procedures. The wards were identified as being very different from each other in management practices, level of communication ability, and degree of support required by the people living in them.The present study examined the use of an observational schedule which yielded data for fine‐grained analysis of the patterns of interaction between residents and staff; according to population density and by staff grade. The results of the baseline measures indicated very few differences in interaction patterns between the wards despite other differences in régime. While much previous research has suggested that different management approaches, such as staff training, are important factors in setting differences, it is only in‐depth investigations which examine these aspects in terms of the patterns of language use and activity that highlight the extent of the effects of institutionalisation on staff and the people in their care.The implications are that training needs to be targeted at communication to overcome some of the features of existing interaction patterns. Replacing large institutions by smaller facilities, where changes in management or physical features only replicate the activity, staffing, and systemic patterns of large hospitals, could lead to very little fundamental change in interaction patterns for the people who live in them unless effort is directed towards facilitating their development of socially interactive skills.

During 1985 a bitter conflict erupted in India over the "reservation" system, which allocates quotes of educational and government employment positions to the Schedule castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes. In Gujarat the Congress Government attempted to legislate an increase in backward class reservations after winning a strong mandate to do so in the state elections. The author describes the political upheavels in Gujarat following the government's legislation attempts and discusses the dilemmas facing those who seek to establish an all-India reservation policy. (DÜI-Sen)

There is a divergence between costing methodology and spending behaviour in transportation. This article identifies differences between economic and accounting cost concepts, and differences between the conceptual interpretations of cost estimates based on those concepts. In particular, the cost‐volume‐profit (breakeven) model is re‐examined in terms of its experimental and ex post estimates, and the reliability of those estimates, to describe and to guide managerial behaviour. Some criticism of statistical costing is warranted by the inherent difficulty of modelling human behaviour patterns. Likewise, enlightened interpretation of statistical cost estimates allows management to enhance the planning and control processes for which the figures were prepared.

Un large éventail de concepts et de pré-théories de diverses disciplines des sciences sociales et de sous-champs de science politique sont passés en revue pour établir un cadre d'analyse trans-culturel de la sécession. Pour expliquer la sécession, nous proposons une approche processuelle basée sur le renversement de la conceptualisation de Haas de l'intégration politique. L'évolution des tentatives de sécession est examinée sous cinq titres: (1) les pré-conditions; (2) la montée des mouvements sécessionnistes; (3) la réponse des gouvernements centraux; (4) les précipitants de la sécession; et (5) la résolution des crises sécessionnistes par le conflit armé. La sécession peut être réprimée ou accomodée à bien des étapes avant celle du conflit armé. Les facteurs affectant les divers résultats sont évalues grâce aux preuves fournies par les tentatives ratées, réussies ou actuelles de sécession. Des arguments sont avancés pour le développement de types spécifiques de recherches comparatives sur les sécessions.

An analysis of over 100 hours of unstructured interviews with 40 United States Air Force junior officers in many specialties suggests the uniquely military function of the Air Force, flying, is declining in prestige while that of management is increasing. This leveling of professional prestige was cited by 85% of the officers interviewed & confirmed by several other indications. For example, both flying & nonflying officers stated that flying jobs involved less expertise, responsibility, & importance than management jobs. Also, early promotions & selections for professional schooling showed institutional support for this trend. Finally, widespread social support was evident in patterns of recognition from peers in the same specialty, peers in other specialties, & civilian acquaintances. 2 Tables. Modified AA.