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The growing literature about linkages between international institutions remains littered with proposed taxonomies. Most of these taxonomies are conceptual, rather than empirically driven, remaining too vague to offer guidance for empirical research regarding linkages as possible avenues of influence across international institutions. This article argues that institutional linkages are potential causal pathways by which policy making and implementation are influenced. It supplements concepts of structural governance linkages, which are common in the existing literature, with attention to agent-oriented actor linkages. The article offers a typology of governance and actor linkages that can be operationalized in empirical research. It discusses governance and actor linkages between policy making within the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the European Union. The paper argues that research on international environmental cooperation would benefit from greater empirical attention to linkages in a context of a multitude of connected governance and actor linkages.

The growing literature about linkages between international institutions remains littered with proposed taxonomies. Most of these taxonomies are conceptual, rather than empirically driven, remaining too vague to offer guidance for empirical research regarding linkages as possible avenues of influence across international institutions. This article argues that institutional linkages are potential causal pathways by which policy making & implementation are influenced. It supplements concepts of structural governance linkages, which are common in the existing literature, with attention to agent-oriented actor linkages. The article offers a typology of governance & actor linkages that can be operationalized in empirical research. It discusses governance & actor linkages between policy making within the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution & the European Union. The paper argues that research on international environmental cooperation would benefit from greater empirical attention to linkages in a context of a multitude of connected governance & actor linkages. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 64 References. Adapted from the source document.

The notion of capacity development is very much in vogue as an integral element of environmental management in developing countries. We contend that current capacity development for the environment (CDE) efforts are limited in focus, emphasizing mainly implementation while paying insufficient attention to problem recognition and analysis as well as designing and assessing potential management strategies. At the same time, CDE programs and practitioners tend to assume that improving the environment in developing countries (or globally) requires building capacity in these countries, and not in their industrialized counterparts. This view overlooks the role of Northern consumption patterns with significant global footprints and Northern policies (such as agricultural subsidies) that drive unsustainable practices around the world. We suggest that "turning the lens around" and building capacity to examine and re-shape relevant Northern policies and institutions might correct this lacuna. Such a broadened scope can be expected to increase the effectiveness of CDE efforts and programs.

Issues associated with state inability (or incapacity) to meet international commitments—and how to build such capacity—are now ubiquitous in the theorizing, practice and research agendas of international environmental cooperation. Yet "capacity" and "capacity building" remain under-specified at the conceptual level. They are neglected areas of empirical research, and generally unreflective in practice. International and national level policy-makers are struggling with questions about how best to enhance state, local and NGO capacities to meet international commitments. To illustrate the need for more conceptual attention and empirical research around issues of public sector capacity, the article presents a multi-dimensional understanding of public sector capacity and highlights programs that appear to be successfully building capacity in recipient countries and programs that seem to be unsuccessful. The article draws examples from multilateral assistance programs within regional marine pollution control regimes and from bilateral assistance programs associated with cleaning up radioactive legacies of the Cold War in post-communist states.

Issues associated with state inability (or incapacity) to meet international commitments -- & how to build such capacity -- are now ubiquitous in the theorizing, practice, & research agendas of international environmental cooperation. Yet "capacity" & "capacity building" remain under-specified at the conceptual level. They are neglected areas of empirical research, & generally unreflective in practice. International & national level policymakers are struggling with questions about how best to enhance state, local, & NGO capacities to meet international commitments. To illustrate the need for more conceptual attention & empirical research around issues of public-sector capacity, the article presents a multidimensional understanding of public-sector capacity & highlights programs that appear to be successfully building capacity in recipient countries & programs that seem to be unsuccessful. The article draws examples from multilateral assistance programs within regional marine pollution control regimes & from bilateral assistance programs associated with cleaning up radioactive legacies of the Cold War in postcommunist states. 1 Table, 40 References. Adapted from the source document.