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Peasant societies in the Third World have undergone changes that are often regarded as sweeping and unparalleled; rapid population growth, progressive integration into the market economy and a Green Revolution in agricultural technology. This book is a critical examination of the truth behind these stereotypes. Twenty-one specialists in the field of development studies look at the reality of agrarian change, either through historical analysis, or through in-depth village field-work, or from their experience as development planners. The first four chapters provide the historical context of agrarian change in India, Latin America and pre-industrial Europe. These are followed by eight detailed case studies of the impact of the green Revolution at village level in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The book finishes with six analysis of the effectiveness of government policies designed to intervene in the development process in South Asia and in East Africa. The contributors to this book share a commitment to an interdisciplinary approach to the study of development problems

As a new alternative to tilting rotors or turbojet vector mechanical oriented nozzles, ACHEON (Aerial CoandaHigh Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle) has enormous advantages because it is free of moving elements and highly effective for Vertical/Short-Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft. In this paper, an integrated flight/ thrust vectoringcontrol scheme for a jet powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an ACHEON nozzle is proposed to assess its suitability in jet aircraft flight applications. Firstly, a simplified Thrust-Vectoring (TV) population model is built based on CFD simulation data and parameter identification. Secondly, this TV propulsion model is embedded as a jet actuatorfor a benchmark fixed-wing 'Aerosonde' UAV, and then a four "cascaded-loop" controller, based on nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI), is designed to individually control the angular rates (in the body frame), attitude angles (in the wind frame), track angles (in the navigation frame), and position (in the earth-centered frame) . Unlike previous research on fixed-wing UAV flight controls or TV controls, our proposed four-cascaded NDI control law can not only coordinatesurface control and TV control as well as an optimization controller, but can also implement an absolute self-position control for the autopilot flight control. Finally, flight simulations in a high-fidelity aerodynamic environment are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed control scheme. ; Project ACHEON with ref. 309041, supported by European Union through the 7th Framework Program

ABSTRACTChildhood oral disease is a significant health problem, particularly for vulnerable populations. Since a major focus of General Dentistry Program directors is the management of vulnerable populations, we wanted to assess their attitudes regarding the inclusion of physicians in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of childhood oral disease. A survey was mailed to all General Practice Residency and Advanced Education in General Dentistry program directors (accessed through the ADA website) to gather data. Spearman's rho was used to determine correlation among variables due to nonnormal distributions. Overall, Advanced General Dentistry directors were supportive of physicians' involvement in basic aspects of oral health care for children, with the exception of applying fluoride varnish. The large majority of directors agreed with physicians' assessing children's oral health and counseling patients on the prevention of dental problems. Directors who treated larger numbers of children from vulnerable populations tended to strongly support physician assistance with early assessment and preventive counseling.

Verlagsinfo: Tim Mackintosh-Smith erzählt die reiche Geschichte der Araber erstmals von ihren Ursprüngen im 2. Jh. v. Chr. bis heute, bis zum Nachleben des Arabischen Frühlings. Mit unvergleichlichem Gespür für die Dynamiken dieser 3000 Jahre langen Geschichte zeigt er immer wieder, wie Sprache, wie das Arabische als Quelle gemeinsamer Kultur und Identität gewirkt hat. Kenntnisreich folgt Tim Mackintosh-Smith den Spuren arabischer Völker durch drei Jahrtausende und präsentiert damit einen beeindruckenden Gesamtüberblick der arabischen Kultur und Geschichte. Von nomadisch umherziehenden Stämmen bis zum Chaos des Arabischen Frühlings: Der renommierte Arabist Tim Makintosh-Smith verfolgt die Geschichte des Nahen Ostens in allen Einzelheiten. Der rasante Aufstieg des arabischen Reichs, sein Untergang und die folgende Fremdherrschaft durch Türken, Perser, Berber und Europäer, das Wiedererwachen einer gemeinsamen Identität: Sachkundig führt er durch die verschiedenen historischen Epochen und zeigt die heutigen Folgen auf. Von der vorislamischen Zeit bis heute: die wechselvolle Geschichte der arabischen Kultur. Der Koran: Was das erste arabische Buch bewirkte. Weshalb existiert kein Zusammenschluss in Form einer arabischen Union? Dualismus seit frühester Zeit: zwischen sesshafter und beduinischer Gesellschaft. Gibt es "die Araber" als eigenständige und klar abgegrenzte Gruppe überhaupt? Die gemeinsame Sprache als verbindende Eigenschaft der Araber: Die Chronik der arabischen Welt ist weniger geprägt von den Taten berühmter Männer und Frauen. Es sind ihre Worte, die bis heute "den Gang der Geschichte vorantreiben". Was mit dem Koran begann, setzt sich bis zu den Parolen des Arabischen Frühlings fort. Diese kollektive Kraft des Wortes, die die arabisch sprechenden Länder trotz aller Konflikte verbindet, und die Personen, die sie zu nutzen wissen, stehen im Vordergrund dieses umfassenden Werks

This work was supported by the Salvesen Trust. SMcB was a Marie Curie fellow funded by the European Commission. RB is funded by the Government of Malta. ; Lung epithelial cell differentiation pathways remain unclear. This is due in part to the plasticity of these cells and the lack of markers which accurately reflect their differentiation status. The aim of this study was to determine if lectin binding properties are useful determinants of functional differentiation status in vitro. Mouse Clara cells were cultured for 5 days. During this time, no alteration in differentiation was evident by electron microscopy. No significant alteration in binding reactivity of Bauhinia purpurea (BPA), Maclura pomifera (MPA), Concanavalin A, Wheat germ or Helix pomatia lectins occurred in cultures compared with Clara cells in mouse lung tissue. In contrast, nitrotetrazolium blue reductase activity and CC10 expression declined in culture. Rat type II cells were cultured for 8 days. Between days 0 and 4, the number of type II cells identified by electron microscopy was constant at 70–80%, decreasing to 8% by day 6. In contrast, by day 4, only 42% cells retained alkaline phosphatase activity. BPA and MPA reactivity was altered at day 0 and day 4 respectively, compared with cells in situ. Therefore, the reactivity of lectins analysed here does not reflect functional differentiation status of cultured mouse Clara cells. However, BPA and MPA reactivity may be a sensitive indicator of alterations in rat type II cell differentiation in vitro. ; peer-reviewed

The results leading to this publication have received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 777394 for the project AIMS-2-TRIALS. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. Any views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the funders.

AbstractAttention to emotional signals conveyed by others is critical for gleaning information about potential social partners and the larger social context. Children appear to detect social threats (e.g., angry faces) faster than non‐threatening social signals (e.g., neutral faces). However, methods that rely on behavioral responses alone are limited in identifying different attentional processes involved in threat detection or responding. To address this question, we used a visual search paradigm to assess behavioral (i.e., reaction time to select a target image) and attentional (i.e., eye‐tracking fixations, saccadic shifts, and dwell time) responses in children (ages 7–10 years old, N = 42) and adults (ages 18–23 years old, N = 46). In doing so, we compared behavioral responding and attentional detection and engagement with threatening (i.e., angry and fearful faces) and non‐threatening (i.e., happy faces) social signals. Overall, children and adults were faster to detect social threats (i.e., angry faces), but spent a smaller proportion of time dwelling on them and had slower behavioral responses. Findings underscore the importance of combining different measures to parse differences between processing versus responding to social signals across development.Research Highlights
Children and adults are slower to select angry faces when measured by time to mouse‐click but faster to detect angry faces when measured by time to first eye fixation.
The use of eye‐tracking addresses some limitations of prior visual search tasks with children that rely on behavioral responses alone.
Results suggest shorter time to first fixation, but subsequently, shorter duration of dwell on social threat in children and adults.