Suchergebnisse

В статье исследуются проблемы правового регулирования деятельности субъектов права и отношений. Анализируются основные характеристики правового регулирования, такие как предмет, метод, способы и типы правового регулирования. В настоящее время, в условиях пандемии COVID-19, правовое регулирование общественных отношений претерпевает серьезные трансформационные изменения. Существенное изменение предмета правового регулирования, обусловленное созданием ситуации серьезной угрозы для здоровья населения, понудило законодателя к введению ограничений основных прав и свобод субъектов права, а также к преимущественному использованию запретов и позитивных обязываний как способов регулирования общественных отношений. В связи с этим начинает доминировать разрешительный тип правового регулирования общественных отношений, который базируется на принципе запрещено все, кроме того, что прямо разрешено законом. Вышеизложенное наглядно свидетельствует о явной трансформации правового регулирования в условиях пандемии. ; The article examines the problems of legal regulation of the activities of legal entities and relations. The main characteristics of legal regulation, such as the subject, method, methods and types of legal regulation, are analyzed. Currently, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the legal regulation of public relations is undergoing serious transformational changes. A significant change in the subject of legal regulation, due to the creation of a situation of serious threat to public health, forced the legislator to introduce restrictions on the fundamental rights and freedoms of legal entities, as well as to the preferential use of prohibitions and positive obligations as ways to regulate public relations. In this regard, the permissive type of legal regulation of public relations begins to dominate, which is based on the principle of everything is prohibited, except what is directly permitted by law. The above clearly indicates a clear transformation of legal regulation.

The article examines the politics of international supplies of anti-COVID-19 vaccines to the post-Soviet countries of Central Asia. These countries have focused on the diversification of vaccine supplies, in line with their multi-vector foreign policies. Initially, the richest countries in the region, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, had an advantage in access to vaccines. However, eventually vaccine supplies from China and then from Western countries (facilitated by such international organizations and programs as UNICEF, Asian Development Bank, and COVAX) started to arrive in the Spring and Summer of 2021. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have established their own production of the Russian vaccine, while Uzbekistan also produces a vaccine developed in China. The main conclusion is that the supply of vaccines to the region is determined, first and foremost, by commercial and humanitarian considerations, while geopolitical rivalries among the supplying countries have not played a significant role so far.

The article considers government measures to establish professorial disciplinary court at higher education institutions of the capital (the court conducted its work from August 27, 1902 to February 22, 1917), the work of the commission on the development of regulations for this body, and the main normative legal acts to implement it. The article examines the issues of the activity of the professorial disciplinary court and the relationship between the participants of this disciplinary system: students, professors, and the authorities. The students who appeared before the professorial disciplinary court were accused of violation of the norms of administrative law of their educational institution, and in accordance with the university charter and the rules of the university, they had to abide by the decision of the court. Professors were in the same position of dependence: membership in the Council of the educational institution obliged them to assume the role of judges. The article explains why the professorial courts did not have the opportunity to become an autonomous body, why the professors themselves did not want to take on the responsibility of judges, and whether all students were hostile to their work. Analyzing the cases of violations which were considered at that time and concerned the rules and order at a university, the author comes to the conclusion that it was not possible to ensure order and create conditions for the restoration of the proper course of academic life by introducing the system of university disciplinary proceedings. The compromise between the authorities and the students, which should have been facilitated by the existence of the professorial court, was not reached. Resistance from students and professors forced the Ministry of Public Education to reconsider the need for the existence of professorial courts and exclude them from the draft of the new university charter.

The concept of social reality and the problems associated with its scientific knowledge are considered. Author considers three aspects of the meaning and significance of this concept to explicate it. The article analyzes the objective and subjective reasons that determine the theoretical and methodological conservatism of social and humanitarian sciences which is expressed in the ontologization of knowledge and the rejection of theoretical pluralism of scientific research. The article substantiates the basic principles of studying social reality in modern socio-humanitarian science which open up new perspectives of knowledge and transformation of the social world.

Based on new archival materials, the article reconstructs the picture of the Russian Church presence in Japan and the Holy Land at the end of the 1870s and early 1880s. This was a key period in the fate of the Japan and Jerusalem Russian Ecclesiastical Missions, when both Missions suffered crises that brought them to the verge of closure. The author considers the characteristic features and general patterns of the Russian Ecclesiastical presence abroad in the context of interfaith competition and inter-agency contradictions. The article reveals the reasons that hindered the effective work of Russian Church representatives abroad and pays special attention to the political importance of the Japan and Jerusalem REM.

The issues raised in the article refer to the problems of Church diplomacy of Russia and other great powers in the Middle East in the 1850–1860's when Russian diplomacy, both secular and church, faced the task of developing new approaches, first of all, in shaping the sphere of Russian interests in the Middle and Far East. Church policy of Russia in the Christian East in the 1850s–1860s is observed through the prism of the position of the Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret (Drozdov, 1782–1867), an outstanding church figure whose position determined the development of Russian church presence abroad not only in the Holy Land, but also in China and North America. The role of Metropolitan Filaret is presented in the forefront of such issues as the development of inter-church relations between the Russian Church with the Patriarchates of the East, the formation of the concept of Russian-Greek, Russian-Arab and Russian-Slavic relations, the interaction and contradictions of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission and the Russian consulate in Jerusalem.

Zwierzęta składane w ofierze(na podstawie noweli Iwana Szmielowa Słońce umarłych)
Artykuł zawiera analizę najtragiczniejszego dzieła Iwana Szmielowa – "epopei" Słońce umarłych, opisującego ostatnie chwile wojny domowej w Rosji. Tragizm opowieści, wybrzmiewający w tytule, narasta stopniowo i nasila się wraz z rozwojem akcji, realizując się w motywach przetrwania-umierania oraz zbliżającej się apokalipsy. W obrazie ginącego świata zwierzęta odgrywają wyjątkową rolę, są pierwszymi stworzeniami, które składane są w ofierze – niezależnie od tego, czy są to ptaki (paw, orły, jastrząb, gołębie itp.), czy zwierzęta domowe (koń, krowa, pies, kot). W zrozumieniu ich losów szczególną funkcję pełnią zoonimy, które pozwalają na personifikację każdego ze zwierząt i podkreślają wartość życia wszystkich stworzeń.

Introduction. Historically, France has always had an impact on the African continent. Despite the independence of most French colonies in Africa, France managed to maintain its position in the region. The system called "Françafrique" was created. The first element of this system is economic cooperation, namely the fact, that Africa provides an opportunity to use its natural resources. Another important element is the military one. The White paper of France has repeatedly emphasized the strategic importance of Africa for the Fifth Republic. In the 2010s, the situation in the region deteriorated. France's assistance in overcoming internal crises in Mali, Chad, Libya can be considered an evidence of the increasing role of France in conflict resolution, and that is the thing which is analyzed by the author in this work.

Methods and materials. While writing the article, both official documents of the French government and analytical works of famous French authors were used. Both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and quantitative scientific methods (event analysis and content analysis) are used in the paper.

Analysis. The article is devoted to the activities of France on the African continent in the period from 2011 to 2017. A Special attention is paid to the role of France in the conflict resolution of Africa. In particular, the paper considers France's support for the adoption of the UN resolution in response to the civil war in Libya in 2011 and military intervention in the country; military operations of the Fifth Republic in the Sahel zone – Serval operation and in the Central African Republic – Sangaris operation, military presence of France in Djibouti. The paper emphasizes the key provisions of the French policy towards the African continent aimed at the preservation of French influence in the region.

Results. In the article, the author comes to the following conclusions: France is not ready to abandon its military ambitions, it continues Barkhane operation, without stopping the fight against terrorism in the Sahel region; despite the competition from other countries (in particular, China and Japan), France's military presence in Eastern Africa remains the same, France does not intend to leave the base in Djibouti.

The relevance of the topic is primarily related to the increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment in the world. Most of this equipment has a complex configuration, namely it consists of both non-toxic and toxic materials, making it difficult to define a common approach to legal regulation of its storage, transportation and disposal. The object of the study is the transboundary movement of e-waste, the subject is international legal and regional standards in the field of transboundary movement. The purpose of this work is to study existing international and regional regulatory acts to establish international standards applicable to the transportation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), as well as to identify their shortcomings and to study best practices to improve the existing approach to managing e-waste. The main tasks of the work: to determine the content of the concept "waste electrical and electronic equipment", as well as to identify the reasons why they create problems not only at the environmental level, but also at the societal, political and legal ones; investigate in detail and apply extended producer responsibility (EPR) to management of e-waste. Using such methods as comparative, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, it was concluded that EPR is a very important tool for implementing the principles of reducing toxicity, reuse and recycling, because of its ability to stimulate "upstream" changes in product design by imposing obligations on "downstream" WEEE management. It is revealed that the individual responsibility of the manufacturer is most acceptable in the design of environmentally friendly products. Ultimately, an effective e-waste management framework in developed countries will help reduce the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste to developing countries. Master's work can be useful to legal scholars specializing in environmental issues, in particular - waste generation and management practices, law teachers, law students, and practicing lawyers. This is the first Russian-language study of such kind, where, in the course of studying mainly English scientific/legal literature and international treaties, the issue of applying extended producer responsibility when dealing with WEEE was investigated. Even such an extensive topic at first glance, as the problem of electronic waste, is not well studied in the literature of Russian-speaking authors.

After the imperial land consolidation acts of 1906, the Russian land commune became a center of territorial struggle where complex alliances of actors, strategies, and representations of territory enacted land enclosure beyond the exclusive control of the state. Using original documentation of Russian imperial land deals obtained in the federal and municipal archives, this study explores how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, educational programs, and resettlement plans but also through political and public discourses. This paper examines how coalitions of landed nobility and land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used enclosure as conduits for property violence, accumulation of capital, or, in contrast, as a means of territorial autonomy. Through this example, I bring a territorial dimension into Russian agrarian scholarship by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of capitalist land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the reading of territory from the Russian historical perspective, I introduce complexity into the modern territory discourse often found in Western political geographic interpretations.