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AbstractThe international mobility of MNE personnel has been increasing in recent years both through traditional forms of expatriation and short‐term assignments and through business travel. These overall 'portfolios of mobility', however, have been complemented by intensified virtual communication and growing localization of recruitment in developing production and market regions. In this article, we report on a return survey of the impacts of the 2008 recession on the mobility portfolios of a sample of UK‐based MNEs and consider how far it has affected established trends. We begin by reviewing evidence from recent large‐scale surveys on corporate staff mobility. We then focus on how the relationship between established business goals and global mobility strategies was rebalanced within individual companies as the recession took hold. Our evidence indicates the widely variable effects of recession, strongly affecting operations in some parts of the world, but making little, if any, change elsewhere. In many cases, corporate restructuring or the increased focus on emerging markets were already reshaping mobility portfolios. Diversification and flexibility have underlain the development of these portfolios over the last decade. The recession has accelerated several processes already under way, including a shift towards alternatives to traditional assignments and the closer incorporation of new and emerging markets into mobility systems. It has also allowed companies to drive through changes that might otherwise have been more contentious, such as reducing the financial incentives for assignment.

AbstractThis article is about how UK‐based transnational corporations source expertise and move highly skilled people among their sites. TNCs rely heavily on their internal labour markets for skills. We examine patterns and trends in the ways that TNCs in two sectors, aerospace and extractives, dynamically orchestrate and deploy their networks of expertise internationally to address the demands of different markets. We chart the types of mobility that exist, identify how and why they are used, and explore some of the institutional, industrial, organizational and technological factors that influence these trends. We show that different types of mobility play distinct roles in organizations. Companies respond to mobility calls from diverse stimuli by linking together mobility options into portfolios of moves that represent negotiated responses to industrial and individual requirements.

Der Beitrag stellt die im Rahmen des PEMINT-Projekts erstellten Migrationsstatistiken aus sechs untersuchten Ländern (BRD, Italien, Niederlande, Portugal, Schweiz, Großbritannien) vor. Dabei geht es vor allem um die Sektoren Baugewerbe, Gesundheitswesen und Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie. Zielsetzung ist es, für die nächste Phase des PEMINT-Projektes sowohl Trends der Einstellung von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern in Abhängigkeit von der Qualifikation in diesen Ländern zu eruieren als auch Studien zu undokumentierter Migration zu identifizieren. Für die oben genannten untersuchten Länder werden sodann die statistischen Daten verteilt nach den genannten Sektoren vorgestellt. Die abschließenden Überlegungen verdeutlichen, dass die vorgestellten Daten eine Reihe von Charakteristika und Trends anzeigen. Zum einen zeigen sie Veränderungen in den Migrations- und Rekrutierungsmustern von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern. Zweitens zeigen sich Veränderungen in der Gesamtbeschäftigung in einem bestimmten Sektor, die in einem direkten Zusammenhang mit der Veränderung der Beschäftigung von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern stehen (Trend). Auch zwischen den individuellen Sektoren gibt es Unterschiede, was die Rekrutierungsmuster von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern angeht. Die Einstellung von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern durch Firmen könnte an bestimmte Wachstumsstadien der Unternehmen gebunden sein, und schließlich gibt es eine ganze Menge von Nicht-EU-Bürgern unter den Arbeitsmigranten in den untersuchten Ländern. (ICH)

The 1990s has been a turbulent decade for inter‐national migration in the UNECE region. While recorded movements have declined in recent years in Western Europe, major questions surround the frequency of unrecorded and irregular migrations which many believe are steadily increasing in number, though the evidence is problematic. Central and Eastern Europe is characterised by short‐term, short‐distance, cross‐border movement, most of which is foreconomic purposes and takes advantage of the openness of the informal sector. In North America the main thrust of immigration has long been towards permanent settlement, whereas in Europe most migration has, initially at any rate, been temporary, albeit frequently leading to settled immigrant communities. In the 1990s immigration debates in Canada and the US seem to have increasing echoes of those across the Atlantic. Especially in the US the 'immigrationethos' is increasingly questioned. This paper elaborates on these issues by attempting to identify what is actually happening. How important is migration? What are the patterns and trends? How significant are new and unrecordedtypes of flows? What dilemmas are presented to the managers of the UNECEmigration systems?

The 1990s has been a turbulent decade for international migration in the UNECE region. While recorded movements have declined in recent years in Western Europe, major questions surround the frequency of unrecorded & irregular migrations that many believe are steadily increasing in number, though the evidence is problematic. Central & Eastern Europe is characterized by short-term, short-distance, cross-border movement, most of which is for economic purposes & takes advantage of the openness of the informal sector. In North America, the main thrust of immigration has long been toward permanent settlement, whereas in Europe, most migration has, initially at any rate, been temporary, albeit frequently leading to settled immigrant communities. In the 1990s, immigration debates in Canada & the US seem to have increasing echoes of those across the Atlantic. Especially in the US, the "immigration ethos" is increasingly questioned. This paper elaborates on these issues by exploring what is actually happening. How important is migration? What are the patterns & trends? How significant are new & unrecorded types of flows? What dilemmas are presented to the managers of the UNECE migration systems? 4 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

A case is made for treating international migration as a global business which has both legitimate and illegitimate sides. The migration business is conceived as a system of institutionalized networks with complex profit and loss accounts, including a set of institutions, agents and individuals each of which stands to make a commercial gain. The article focuses on migrant trafficking, the core of the illegitimate business.Migrant trafficking, a subject of growing political concern, is recognized by migration experts and policy makers to be undermining international collaborative efforts to produce ordered migration flows. Trafficking, widely condemned for its inhuman practices and links to international organized crime, is also believed to be increasing in scale and sophistication.Our model conceives of trafficking as an intermediary part of the global migration business facilitating movement of people between origin and destination countries. The model is divided into three stages: the mobilization and recruitment of migrants; their movement en route; and their insertion and integration into labour markets and host societies of destination countries. At each stage of the model we describe the trafficking business, its systematic organization and its methods of operation: its inputs and outputs; its use of a set of common geographical routes; its methods of smuggling migrants; its systems of planning and information‐gathering; and its division into a set of technical and organizational tasks. This division of roles is seen as critical for trafficking's survival.The model also suggests how through the existence of common routes and networks of contacts, traffickers increasingly channel migrants, thus determining the geography of movement. We also demonstrate the model with available evidence on trafficking mainly in and across Europe and attempt thereby to show how trafficking operates both theoretically and in practice.Our conceptualization of trafficking as a business has important implications for the study of migration and for policy makers. For the former, trafficking blurs meaningful conceptual distinctions between legal and illegal migration. For the latter, trafficking presents new challenges in the management and control of migration flows across borders. In particular it suggests the need to look at immigration controls in new ways, placing sharper focus on the institutions and vested interests involved rather than on the migrants themselves.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über Trends und Muster der internationalen Wanderung in Zentral- und Osteuropa. (IAB)