Suchergebnisse

Bei den schwedischen Wahlen zum "Riksdag" mußten die traditionell großen Parteien erhebliche Stimmverluste hinnehmen, die Grünen verloren ihren Sitz im Parlament, den dafür zwei neue Parteien des Konservativen Lagersfür sich gewinnen konnten. Die Mitglieder der aus drei Parteien bestehenden Minderheitsregierung unter Führung von Premierminister Bildt werden aufgelistet und die Wahlergebnisse erörtert

La situation socio-économique des femmes s'explique, d'une part, par leur présence plus ou moins soutenue sur le marché de l'emploi et, d'autre part, par leur histoire de famille, c'est-à-dire par les types de ménages auxquels elles appartiennent au cours de leur vie. Union libre, présence d'enfants, mariage, autant d'éléments qui déterminent largement le niveau de vie des femmes et, partant, leurs risques de vivre sous le seuil de pauvreté. Par ailleurs, les interruptions de carrière des femmes semblent pénalisantes, quoique de façon variable selon les différentes histoires de familles.

S'intéressant à l'analyse de la position des femmes dans l'ensemble des rapports sociaux, la sociologie féministe a imposé la reconnaissance des tâches domestiques en tant que "travail" réel, alors que le marxisme les considérait comme un reliquat du passé et le fonctionnalisme comme une vocation naturelle des femmes. En intégrant cet apport de la sociologie féministe, le présent article étudie comment les couples québécois se répartissent ce travail, compte tenu de variables comme la charge familiale et le statut d'emploi de chacun des conjoints. Les données proviennent d'un sondage qui a rejoint en 1986 environ 1 300 couples. Les indices y sont nombreux du fait que le travail domestique demeure essentiellement une affaire de femmes, à laquelle l'homme ne fait qu'épisodiquement une contribution significative. On peut penser que cette division du travail risque peu de changer tant que les femmes tendront à être reléguées, sur le marché de l'emploi, dans des positions professionnelles inférieures à celles des hommes.

MODERN INSTITUTIONAL THEORY SPECIFIES TWO DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF INSTITUTIONS. THE FIRST ASPECT-AND BY FAR THE PREDOMINANT PERSPECTIVE-SEES INSTITUTIONS AS RECURRENT PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR, VALUES, NORMS AND PRACTICES WHICH GUIDE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR. THE SECOND ASPECT REFERS TO THE MANIFEST INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE STATE. THESE TWO SIDES OF INSTITUTIONS ARE SUPPOSED TO BE MUTUALLY REINFORCING. THUS, INSTITUTIONS ARE "EMBEDDED" IN OVERARCHING SYSTEMS OF VALUES AT THE SAME TIME AS THEY "CONSTRAIN" BEHAVIOR. THIS ARTICLE TAKES EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE APPROACH AND SEEKS TO SEPARATE THE TWO DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF INSTITUTIONS IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN CHANGES IN THE EFFECTIVE CAPABILITIES OF MANIFEST INSTITUTIONS. USING THE JAPANESE MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY (MITI) AS AN EMPIRICAL CASE, THE ARGUMENT ADVANCED IN THE ARTICLE IS THAT VARIATIONS IN THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVERAGE AND CAPACITY OF MITI CAN TO A SIGNIFICANT EXTENT BE EXPLAINED BY CHANGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN "ABSTRACT" AND "MANIFEST" INSTITUTIONS, I.E. THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE STATE REFLECTS PREDOMINANT SYSTEMS OF VALUES, NORMS AND BELIEFS IN SOCIETY. IN ADDITION TO THE VAST LITERATURE ON INSTITUTIONAL THEORY, THE ARTICLE DRAWS ON A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH MITI SENIOR OFFICIALS BETWEEN 1988 AND 1996 AS WELL AS ON THE LITERATURE ON JAPANESE POLITICAL ECONOMY.

There is an interesting convergence in practice in tackling the impact of restructuring at the local community level, based on the idea of market led regeneration and bringing private interests in the form of big business into a policymaking and implementation role. (Abstract amended)

1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. The aggregate picture -- 4. Emissions by species -- 5. Scope for mitigation -- 6. Mitigation in practice : case studies -- 7. Implications for policy-making

We explored a computational model of astrocytic energy metabolism and demonstrated the theoretical plausibility that this type of pathway might be capable of coding information about stimuli in addition to its known functions in cellular energy and carbon budgets. Simulation results indicate that glycogenolytic glycolysis triggered by activation of adrenergic receptors can capture the intensity and duration features of a neuromodulator waveform and can respond in a dose-dependent manner, including non-linear state changes that are analogous to action potentials. We show how this metabolic pathway can translate information about external stimuli to production profiles of energy-carrying molecules such as lactate with a precision beyond simple signal transduction or non-linear amplification. The results suggest the operation of a metabolic state-machine from the spatially discontiguous yet interdependent metabolite elements. Such metabolic pathways might be well-positioned to code an additional level of salient information about a cell's environmental demands to impact its function. Our hypothesis has implications for the computational power and energy efficiency of the brain. ; The authors thank the Molecular Systems group at the Blue Brain Project for helpful discussions and Alessandro Foni for the Graphical Abstract illustration. Supported by a CRG grant from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology "KAUST-EPFL Alliance for Integrative Modeling of Brain Energy Metabolism" [OSR-2017-CRG6-3438] (PJM); the Blue Brain Project, a research center of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, from the Swiss government's ETH Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (HM); and NCCR Synapsy (PJM)

With a computational model of energy metabolism in an astrocyte, we show how a system of enzymes in a cascade can act as a functional unit of interdependent reactions, rather than merely a series of independent reactions. These systems may exist in multiple states, depending on the level of stimulation, and the effects of substrates at any point will depend on those states. Response trajectories of metabolites downstream from cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis exhibit a host of non-linear dynamical response characteristics including hysteresis and response envelopes. Dose-dependent phase transitions predict a novel intracellular signalling mechanism and suggest a theoretical framework that could be relevant to single cell information processing, drug discovery or synthetic biology. Ligands may produce unique dose-response fingerprints depending on the state of the system, allowing selective output tuning. We conclude with the observation that state- and dose-dependent phase transitions, what we dub ; Supported by a CRG grant from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology "KAUST-EPFL Alliance for Integrative Modeling of Brain Energy Metabolism" [grant number 2313] (PJM); This study was supported by funding to the Blue Brain Project, a research center of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, from the Swiss government's ETH Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (HM); NCCR Synapsy (PJM); and the Prefargier Foundation (PJM). ; We thank Werner Van Geit for the AP and EPSP data from the Blue Brain Project's cortical column microcircuit simulation and Lida Kanari for Python scripts used in the 3D data plots.