From early in the nineteenth century Southern whites often analyzed the ills of the South as originating in the region's colonial relation to the North. A survey of black economic thought, academic, journalistic and political, suggests that this notion was never strongly endorsed by black intellectuals. The outstanding exceptions were works by black sociologists collaborating with white colleagues in the 1930s. For the most part, however, black writers subscribed to a view that emphasized the dependent nature, not of the South, but of the economy of the black community in its relations with the South.
This paper offers a theoretical approach to the study of intracapi talist class rivalry focusing on the dynamic properties of fixed capital revaluation when technological change is introduced. Historically capitalist accumulation has relied on multiperiod assets which increase the roundaboutness of produc tion. As the flexibility of the production system decreases, technical obsolescence is increasingly damaging, and may cause the realized rate of profit to fall. Those capitalists who use external funds to finance investment will find themselves with an increasingly expensive debt to be serviced out of shrinking profits.
Social scientists have long used 'chain' metaphors, yet their methodological justification remains somewhat hazy. This paper offers a rationale for using chains to measure changes in economic welfare in urban and regional contexts. In contrast to the Marshallian surplus, which well describes situations in which price changes generate rents in a single market, chains are especially useful in markets where changes lead to the transmission of demand or supply through a series of markets characterized by sticky prices and markups. This argument is illustrated by reference to chain-driven analyses of local production, labor, and housing markets. The institutional structures that underpin chain models are stressed.
This paper uses a simple Ricardian model to analyze the compara tive static properties of the profit rate, when Okishio-profitable technological innovations are introduced. We use a constructive-geometrical proof of Okishio's Theorem and extend it to a world including fixed capital equipment of equal efficiencies over its lifetime.
Suburban Sprawl combines historical, political, economic, geographic, and urban planning analysis to provide the most comprehensive overview of why and how urban sprawl occurs. It shows that all previous attempts to pin the blame on one or two causes - ""highway building"" or ""consumer preferences""--Totally miss the complex and interwoven character of public policy and private interests in creating today's urban form. The authors have included the detailed analyses of expenditures which show that federal housing subsidies have contributed significantly to sprawl in the post-war period, as w
Economists and finance researchers have long recognized the "close relation between the measurement of inequality and the measurement of risk" (Breitmeyer et al., 2004). Economists today agree that a measure of income inequality must respect the Pigou-Dalton transfer principle, that is, inequality cannot increase with a transfer from a richer person to a poorer person. Finance researchers today agree that a measure of risk must respect the diversification principle, that is, risk cannot increase when portfolios are combined. Where did these convictions originate? While both principles were advocated early in their respective fields, they were not viewed as definitive until relatively recently. In both fields major empirical and theoretical efforts were mounted in support of various conceptualizations at odds with these two principles. For example, Robert Gibrat advocated the use of the variance of log income despite the fact it is inconsistent with the Pigou-Dalton principle. In finance, value at risk (VaR), although it can violate the diversification principle, was widely advocated. People supporting research programs at odds with Pigou-Dalton or the diversification principle, based those programs on ambitious empirical and theoretical claims about distributions. Such claims could have been right and are not a priori or logically false. The purpose of this paper is to review these "at odds" conceptualizations, the types of arguments advanced for their legitimacy, and the reasons they have been given up.
Reviews the main approaches to limiting suburban sprawl & mitigating the disparities it creates in metropolitan areas. Individual policies -- ranging from congestion pricing to regional governance -- are discussed in terms of slowing metropolitan deconcentration, feasibility of implementation, & power to redress inequities. Four policies appear most promising: (1) the utilization of impact fees, especially on a supralocal level; (2) reverse commuting programs; (3) special taxing districts for region-wide amenities; & (4) continued revitalization efforts in the central city. 1 Table, 56 References. Adapted from the source document.
