Suchergebnisse

This article discusses the practice in Mao-era China of creating new medical 'therapies' based on the blood of fowls (chickens, geese and ducks), which were emblematic of an expanded interest in the use of animal tissue in general. The logic and charisma of these practices stemmed from their hybridity: references culled from classical Chinese texts, suggestions taken from Soviet medicine (particularly tissue therapy), identification with the countryside and their seeming expression of political ideologies. My primary focus is chicken blood therapy, which emerged in the atmosphere of the Great Leap Forward and reached its height of popularity in the Cultural Revolution. While ultimately discredited, similar practices such as goose blood therapy were legitimised in its wake. Such therapies helped originate the still-current claim that modern Chinese drug discoveries could be 'miracle cures', and may represent a neglected early chapter in the ongoing craze for animal-based drugs in Chinese medicine.

Ancaman pidana penjara yang sangat dominan terjadi dalam KUHP Indonesia. Meskipun pidana penjara merupakan pidana utama yang diancamkan dan dilaksanakan oleh mayoritas negara, sejak dahulu sampai saat ini efektivitas pidana penjara diragukan. Oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk mencari alternatif jenis pidana perampasan kemerdekaan dalam rangka mengeliminir dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh pidana perampasan kemerdekaan tersebut sangatlah penting artinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yaitu dengan cara berusaha memberikan gambaran mengenai permasalahan yang aktual saat ini berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tentang apa ide dasar diwujudkannya pidana pengawasan dalam sistem pemidanaan di Indonesia, bagaimana keberadaan pidana pengawasan dalam sistem pemidanaan di Indonesia serta bagaimana pengaturan pidana pengawasan dalam sistem pemidanaan sebagai suatu upaya pembaharuan hukum pidana di Indonesia. Pertama, sesuai dengan politik hukum pidana maka tujuan pemidanaan harus diarahkan kepada perlindungan masyarakat dari kejahatan. Oleh karena itu, ide dasar diwujudkannya pidana pengawasan sebagai alternatif jenis pidana perampasan kemerdekaan (penjara) dalam hukum pidana di Indonesia seharusnya selaras dengan kedua aspek dari tujuan pemidanaan tersebut. Kedua, Dalam penjelasan Rancangan KUHP Nasional tersebut dinyatakan, bahwa pelaksanaan pidana pengawasan ini dikaitkan dengan ancaman pidana penjara. Pidana pengawasan adalah bersifat alternatif pidana perampasan kemerdekaan bersyarat, yaitu adanya ketentuan untuk tidak dijalankannya pidana yang telah dijatuhkan (yang berkaitan dengan pidana penjara) dengan diadakannya syarat-syarat tertentu dan ditetapkan masa percobaan paling lama 3 tahun. Ketiga, Pidana bersyarat sebagai alternatif pidana perampasan kemerdekaan dalam KUHP yang berlaku sekarang masih kurang memberikan perlindungan terhadap individu / pelaku tindak pidana. Oleh karena itu, untuk menentukan formulasi alternatif pidana perampasan kemerdekaan dalam KUHP Nasional di masa yang akan datang, diperlukan sarana alternatif pidana perampasan kemerdekaan yang lain, seperti pidana pengawasan (probation) yang telah banyak dikembangkan di negara-negara lain. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Ide dasar diadakannya pidana pengawasan yaitu untuk menggantikan pidana perampasan kemerdekaan/penjara yang dalam perkembangannya telah menimbulkan efek negatif bagi kepentingan terpidana dan kepentingan masyarakat.Pidana pengawasan seharusnya dimasukkan sebagai salah satu jenis pidana pokok. KUHP Nasional di masa yang akan datang, diperlukan sarana alternatif pidana perampasan kemerdekaan yang lain, seperti pidana pengawasan (probation) yang telah banyak dikembangkan di negara-negara lain.

There often exists a skepticism regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of ASEAN tourism collaboration. The competitive nature of tourism, and the development gap between less-developed and developed member countries are some of the reasons ASEAN tourism is little more than a political gesture to the skeptics. In reality, the collaboration is slow-moving. Little is known about its mechanism let alone ways to improve it. Despite the continuous cooperative endeavor among the member nations since 1998 and the significant economic contribution tourism makes in the region, the ASEAN tourism phenomenon receives little attention from researchers. Hence, this research aims to answer two questions: (1) How do ASEAN countries collaborate in tourism? (2) What can be done to improve the collaboration? This research adopts a case study approach. It involves the formulation of theoretical propositions based on literature in political science and behavioral science. Primary data were collected from key stakeholders of ASEAN tourism by means of in-depth interviews. A total of twenty-one individuals participated. They represented nine out of the ten member governments, international organizations, industry associations, the academia, and consultancies. During the final stage of the research, congruence and discrepancies between the theoretical propositions and the empirical findings were identified, and a model of ASEAN tourism collaboration was constructed. One of the key findings is a recipe for success in intergovernmental tourism collaboration. It was found that three categories of factors facilitate ASEAN tourism collaboration and its implementation of policies: stakeholders ? especially the political will and commitment of national leaders; resources ? the technical and financial assistance provided by ASEAN dialogue partners; and cooperation management ? a flexible and ?conservative progressive? approach with a strong monitoring and evaluation mechanism. The contribution of this study is threefold. First, it fills an ...

Against the background of a complex and evolving statistical system, this article addresses three crucial issues in the understanding of the rapid export expansion of China in general and the Pearl River Delta in particular. First, the export orientation of the Pearl River Delta is critically assessed. The gradual emergence of export-oriented firms in the region and their spatial clustering around Hong Kong are highlighted. Secondly, the structural dimension of export expansion in the region is examined. Foreign-invested enterprises were found to be the "engine of growth." Lastly, an analysis of the spatial dimension of the foreign-invested enterprises' export component reveals that the juridical status and geographical locations of exporting firms are complementary in providing a better understanding of export expansion in China since 1978.

In this paper, a set of double-log multiple regression models is developed to examine the monthly tunnel traffic of six major toll tunnels in Hong Kong for a 22-year period from January 1979 to September 2000. Despite the much lower percentage of households with cars (12.3%) and the higher dependence of passenger trips on public transport (80.2%), the estimated automobile elasticities in Hong Kong are remarkably similar to those reported in New York, where car ownership is high and the automobile is the dominant mode of transport. The empirical elasticity range in Hong Kong is from —0.103 to —0.291. This is similar to estimates for the United States (—0.13 to —0.45), the United Kingdom (—0.14 to —0.36), and Australia (—0.09 to —0.52). The findings suggest that toll increases are likely to be effective in raising revenue for tunnel management authorities but ineffective in reducing or reallocating automobile traffic for transport planning purposes. Policywise, suburbanization or the redistribution of population could have a much stronger influence on the urban transport market than a 'multifaceted pricing' strategy of raising the total costs of vehicle ownership and usage (including high vehicle-registration fees, parking, and gasoline prices). Moreover, improvements to railway connectivity and enhancement of travel speed on public transit could be much more effective than toll increases in relieving urban transport congestion problems at critical bottlenecks, such as downtown and suburb–downtown tunnels and bridges. The inclusion of lagged effects into the analysis further strengthens the above policy recommendations.

This paper proposes that the world's textile and clothing industries have become increasing vertically disintegrated with a few flexible production regions (the "cream" portion) engaging in creative, innovative, dynamic and high value-added activities, and an expanding number and spatial extent of regions (the "cake" portion) taking part in low value-added activities. In-between is an "artificial" layer protected by the international regulatory framework. This layer has characteristics of both the "cream" and "cake" layers. On the one hand, the labor force in this layer suffers from low job mobility and low-paid blue-collar work of the "cake portion" and is dominated by female semi-skilled workers. On the other hand, industrialists and governments in this layer enjoy the profits and high export values of the "cream" portion. (DSE/DÜI)