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Defence procurement remains a relatively under-researched area, mostly focusing on the USA. This revealing book looks at defence procurement from the point of view of smaller countries such as Israel, Australia, Poland and Spain.

The world appears to be searching for a new, multipolar model of global security. In this context, the provision of impartial data on military capability formation to be used in disarmament proposals and balance of power negotiations will be critical to effective security management in the prevailing uncertain international environment. In their recent research paper on the relationship between military expenditure (milex), government spending and economic growth in the Indo-Pacific Asia region the authors argued that milex' high level of aggregation often masked important changes in national military capabilities and proposed limited disaggregation of military expenditure data to highlight national spending on military force structure and preparedness so as to facilitate better understanding of military capability formation. In this paper the authors develop this perspective a step further by reviewing alternative approaches to the production of data on military capability formation. It is suggested that the milex data are disaggregated one level down to differentiate between investments in the future force and expenditure on the readiness and sustainment of the force in being.

In this article we review migration policies that have evolved in the eastern neighbourhood of the European Union, that is, in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. We ask how they compare with those that have been adopted by European Union member states and migrant settler countries such as Australia. We also use this regional perspective to comment on the application of the systems methodology in migration studies.

The paper addresses the distinctiveness of migration flows in the post-Soviet space east of the European Union: the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia. Population mobility within this region is hypothesized to differ from extra-regional population movements due to the common institutional past of these states, all of which were once the USSR republics. Within the framework of the migration systems theory, the paper offers a quantitative analysis of the scale and mechanics of cross-border population mobility in the region. By means of island analysis, it examines the intensity and distinctiveness of intra-regional migration flows relative to those between the region and third countries. Next, an econometric gravity model has been applied to identify the main drivers of migration flows in the region. The resultant findings show that the distinctiveness of the intra-regional migration processes is questionable or at best rather weak as mobility of people from and to the CIS region is relatively high. Thus, it is argued that the existence of the 'post-Soviet migration system' should not be treated axiomatically. The region is increasingly integrated into the international division of labour through trade and capital mobility and the cross-border mobility of people also reflects this globalization trend.

Od lat 90-tych XX w. Mołdawia, dawna republika ZSRR, polegała na emigracji jako głównym wentylu dla zbyt dużej podaży pracy. Migranckie transfery pieniężne z zagranicy były siłą napędową wzrostu gospodarczego. Emigranci zarobkowi stanowią blisko jedną czwartą mołdawskiej siły roboczej. Gospodarka ta jest jedną z najbardziej uzależnionych od migranckich transferów pieniężnych. Choć ten ubogi w zasoby kraj wykazywał tendencje rozwojowe w ostatnich latach, nie były one tak silne jak u jego sąsiadów. Nie udało się w tym czasie stworzyć miejsc pracy, które mogłyby zrównoważyć ograniczenie zatrudnienia w sektorach, które były spuścizną gospodarki ZSRR. Model rozwoju gospodarczego Mołdawii w latach dwutysięcznych może więc być określony jako zależny od transferów i nie zwiększający zatrudnienia. Formuła ta nie może być rozpatrywana w długofalowej perspektywie. Aby stworzyć warunki do bardziej zrównoważonego wzrostu, Mołdawia będzie musiała w najbliższej przyszłości zwiększyć swój lokalny zasób czynników produkcji. Możliwość osiągnięcia tego celu mają szansę stworzyć inwestycje w edukację i kształcenie zorientowane na kwalifikacje potrzebne na rynku pracy. W efekcie emigracja z Mołdowy mogłaby się jednak zintensyfikować. W artykule rozważane są szanse, które ma Mołdawia jako mała, otwarta gospodarka z mobilną siłą roboczą, aby wykształcić w sobie zdolność do zmiany obecnego modelu rozwoju. ; The paper addresses the distinctiveness of migration flows in the post-Soviet space east of the European Union: the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia. Population mobility within this region is hypothesized to differ from extra-regional population movements due to the common institutional past of these states, all of which were once the USSR republics. Within the framework of the migration systems theory, the paper offers a quantitative analysis of the scale and mechanics of cross-border population mobility in the region. By means of island analysis, it examines the intensity and distinctiveness of intra-regional migration flows relative to those between the region and third countries. Next, an econometric gravity model has been applied to identify the main drivers of migration flows in the region. The resultant findings show that the distinctiveness of the intra-regional migration processes is questionable or at best rather weak as mobility of people from and to the CIS region is relatively high. Thus, it is argued that the existence of the 'post-Soviet migration system' should not be treated axiomatically. The region is increasingly integrated into the international division of labour through trade and capital mobility and the cross-border mobility of people also reflects this globalization trend. ; Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytet Warszawski

Proceedings Paper (for Acquisition Research Program) ; Defence procurement agencies in smaller countries, such as Australia, face a difficult challenge when seeking to acquire new weapons systems that are either intrinsically complex or idiosyncratically tailored to local needs.''If they seek to rely on production in-country, they must draw on domestic infrastructure almost certainly too limited in its technological breadth and depth for the task of efficiently producing a wide range of sophisticated military products, which are likely to be internationally uncompetitive, into the bargain.''If they ''leave it to the market'' and award contracts on the basis of a competitive process and set up arms-length relationships to pursue compliance, they may find themselves hostage to suppliers that cannot be replaced once the contract is under way. If, instead, they seek supplies from government-owned arsenals and shipyards, they may find it difficult to resit political pressures to preserve legacy sectors, facilities and products. And, if they look to overseas suppliers to meet their requirements, they usually lack the market power to negotiate favourable terms and sometimes to have their requirements met at all.'' ; Naval Postgraduate School Acquisition Research Program ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.