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The theory of human capital postulates that earnings of
different categories of workers, be they male or female, black or white,
unionised or non-unionised depend on the level of human capital
endowment of these individuals [Becker (1964) and Mineer (1974)].
Besides educational attainment and on-the-job experience, part of the
earnings differential, at lest in the short run, can also result from
market imperfections such as restrictions on factor mobility or other
artificial distortions. However, despite concerted efforts by public and
social institutions to remove social injustice, the automatic .long run
market clearance as envisaged by classical economists is not always
there. It is not uncommon to find workers with identical background and
skills receiving differentials treatment in terms of wages and other
rewards. This suggests that unobservable personal characteristics are
also positively valued at the market and that the market has a "taste"
for discrimination.! The theory of discrimination thus hypothesises that
differential wages ,can exit if market differentiates and treats
distinct categories of workers on the basis of race, gender or similar
categorisations [Becker (1957)].

"Due to the increase in construction activities worldwide and in Australia, the generation rate of construction and demolition (C&D) waste has significantly grown in recent years. In Australia, construction projects (i.e. housing, buildings and transport infrastructure) are being delivered at an unprecedented rate. Between 2009 and 2019, the annual average growth rate in this industry was 3.33%. The industry is identified as the fourth largest contributor to Australia's growth domestic product (GDP). Unsurprisingly, this quantity of construction brings about a considerable quantity of waste. In 2019, the construction industry generated 27 million tons (or megatonnes) of waste from construction and demolition activities in Australia. Given the size of the construction market and waste generated in this industry, any change will create huge impacts. The adequate management of such a quantity has now become a priority for policymakers around the world. A holistic national approach is required to handle the growing issue of C&D waste management in Australia. Therefore, this book identifies discrepancies and inconsistencies related to C&D waste management in different Australian jurisdictions. The included chapters discuss regulations governing the C&D waste stream, discrepancies in defining waste, Australia's place in the worldwide C&D waste market, opportunities for reducing C&D waste, and the perception among C&D waste stakeholders on relevant issues and proposed reforms, among other topics. Overall, the book contributes to the Australian understanding of effective management of C&D waste by providing a clear picture of C&D waste state of play. The book can benefit policymakers and whoever is interested in C&D waste to better plan for innovative and efficient C&D waste resulting in the further diversion of C&D waste from landfills"--

Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely linked with differential occupational status either defined in a contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earnings inequality from 1992-93 to 2004-05 are documented with the benchmark estimates in the Ahmad (2002) study, while the short-term trends are measured from 2001-02 to 2004-05 for self-employed and paid employee. The long- as well as the short-term trends indicate rising earnings disparities within each occupational category. Over the longer period, these disparities have risen in the range of 50 to 100 percent. Shifts across occupation and across employment status indicate doubling of the share of Shop and Market Sales and Services Workers and the transition towards becoming self-employed. A few tentative explanations for the observed increasing occupational inequalities at the individual level are: (a) Availability of credit and improved efficiency of capital market may have relaxed capital constraints of former employees and enabled them to transit as self-employed. Right-sizing and down-sizing in public organisations may also have pushed the previous employees into utilising the 'golden handshake' packages towards self-employment. Assuming that returns on capital (internal or borrowed) are higher and financial contracts are more lucrative than wage contracts, the situation can lead to wider disparities. (b) At the paid employee level, the fall in the share of workers in elementary occupations improved the wage contracts of those still remaining in this occupation, and thereby increased the income/earnings inequality within this category. (c) Premium on skills, education, experience, and talent, in spite of the entry of a large number of individuals in the Service, Shop and Market Sales Workers category, has widened the inequalities within this category.

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The paper identifies the role of top management as a moderator during planning, monitoring, controlling, and evaluation phases for the success of a project. This study also discusses the novelties of the coordination between role of top management and legitimate power of project manager as significant impact on project performance and success during project life cycle phases. The instrument is adapted to measure planning, monitoring, controlling, evaluation, the role of project manager, project performance, project success, and the role of top management. Managers are targeted for data collection from the construction sector, education sector, and IT sector for the analysis. The findings show that coordination between variables as well as the role of a project manager is like a bridge between top management and other team members in four phases of project life cycle (planning, monitoring, controlling, and evaluation) for ultimate success. This study has a significant advantage for the organization and industries before implementing any project as it will be helpful for the top management to give authority and responsibility to the project managers while considering the scope of the project. For academia, this study helps to enhance the knowledge area of project management by introducing coordination management while discussing the other knowledge areas of project management.
Keywords: project planning, project monitoring, project controlling, project evaluation, role of project manager, project performance, project success.
Jell Classification: H43; O22

Recent debates in urban geography and anthropology have urged a rethinking of 'marginal' groups, viewing them not only as intimately connected to the state and its power, but also as offering a lens into alternate modes of dwelling, endurance and political change. We reflect upon the conceptual possibilities of such forms of endurance by examining how those residing in urban margins utilise, enable and inhabit connections to centres of power when faced with dispossession. Focusing on evictions that took place in Lahore (Pakistan) between 2015 and 2017, to acquire land for the Orange Line Metro Train, we follow the actions and narrations of one interlocutor, as he confronted the loss of his home. Unravelling how survival at the margins depends upon tactility and a continuous shifting between roles and modes of actions, we highlight the unique and particular ways in which evictions are lived and embodied. Including such shifting modes of negotiating in conceptualisations of the 'political' in the Global South does indeed offer potentialities, but we urge caution in over-reading into these possibilities. Shape-shifting and movement in embodied roles allows for a certain kind of thriving in precarity but rarely allows inhabitants – as they so aspire – to override it altogether.

Wage/earnings inequalities are one source of overall
inequality in a country. The former inequalities in turn are closely
linked with differential occupational status either defined in a
contractual or productive/skill sense. Using the Pakistan Standard
Classification of Occupations [PSCO (1994)], this paper estimates Gini
coefficients for three types (all types, employee, selfemployed) of
individuals/earners by occupational status from the Pakistan Integrated
Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 and Pakistan Social and Living Standards
Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05. Long-term trends in earnings
inequality from 1992-93 to 2004-05 are documented with the benchmark
estimates in the Ahmad (2002) study, while the short-term trends are
measured from 2001-02 to 2004-05 for self-employed and paid employee.
The long- as well as the short-term trends indicate rising earnings
disparities within each occupational category. Over the longer period,
these disparities have risen in the range of 50 to 100 percent. Shifts
across occupation and across employment status indicate doubling of the
share of Shop and Market Sales and Services Workers and the transition
towards becoming self-employed. A few tentative explanations for the
observed increasing occupational inequalities at the individual level
are: (a) Availability of credit and improved efficiency of capital
market may have relaxed capital constraints of former employees and
enabled them to transit as self-employed. Right-sizing and down-sizing
in public organisations may also have pushed the previous employees into
utilising the 'golden handshake' packages towards self-employment.
Assuming that returns on capital (internal or borrowed) are higher and
financial contracts are more lucrative than wage contracts, the
situation can lead to wider disparities. (b) At the paid employee level,
the fall in the share of workers in elementary occupations improved the
wage contracts of those still remaining in this occupation, and thereby
increased the income/earnings inequality within this category. (c)
Premium on skills, education, experience, and talent, in spite of the
entry of a large number of individuals in the Service, Shop and Market
Sales Workers category, has widened the inequalities within this
category.

The study explores the dynamics of moonlighting, demographics, human capital and association of occupations between primary and secondary job. The paper is based on cross-section data Labour Force Survey 2006-07 and limited to male wage workers residing in urban areas. Among two motives according to theoretical framework of moonlighting; first, constraint on hours worked in first job and second is wage rate is lower than the reservation wage in the primary occupation; within limited information available on different variables our results are skewed toward first motive and earnings from the primary occupation are insignificant in moonlighting decision. The model specification also attempts to correct the endogenous regressor in probit estimation. Among moonlighters 'Professionals' and 'Technicians' are holding their secondary job in same occupational category; apart from these two occupational categories managers and elementary occupations also seems popular for moonlighting. JEL classification: J22, J24 Keywords: Moonlighting, Labour Mobility, Occupational Association

Ever since the pioneering work on human capital modeling by Becker (1964) and Mincer (1974), estimation of earning potential and wage differentials in terms of differences in human capital endowments has been a favourite topic of research throughout the world. The empirical evidence has established, may be beyond doubt, that low returns are usually associated with low-level of human capital possessed by economic agents. Using appropriate controls for innate abilities, education, experience and training as primary determinants of human capital, the residual differential in wages among differentiated groups (on the basis of gender, race, and region) has often been characterised as discrimination [Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973)]. The empirical estimation made further advances when the issue of sample selection bias was also settled by Heckman (1980). More recently the focus of research has shifted from differentials measured at the conditional mean (average) value to measurement at different points of wage distribution to test the 'glass ceiling and sticky floor' hypothesis.1 Some of the studies where quantile regression approach of Koenker and Bassett (1978) and Buchinsky (1998) has been adopted include Bjorklund and Vroman (2001), Dolado and Llorens (2004), and Albrecht, Vuuren, and Vroman (2004). On the basis of this research, the glass ceiling hypothesis has received fair amount of empirical support in much of the developed world. On the other hand, the sticky floor hypothesis has only been observed in some of the countries located in the southern Europe. The focus of present study is on Pakistan with three main objectives. First, to investigate if analysis at the conditional mean is sufficient to explain wage differential or an extensive work covering different points of wage distribution is required to have proper insight to the issue. This would, in turn, enable us to determine which of the two hypotheses, i.e., the glass ceiling or the sticky floor, is prevalent in the country? For this purpose, gender wage differentials at different quantiles, i.e., 10th, 25th, median,