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Abstract. 21st Century Education is education that integrates knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as mastery of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The aims of this research are: (1) to analyze 21st century competencies, based on the needs of the global community; (2) identify the need for S3-PVKT PPs UNM Entrepreneurship learning competencies; (3) identify entrepreneurial competencies that support S3-PVKT Entrepreneurship learning competencies. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Based on this, this study uses the results of questionnaires from respondents, as well as interviews with shareholders as data that is analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The research sample is S3-PVKT students and entrepreneurship lecturers. The research results are as follows: (1) S3-PVKT entrepreneurial learning competencies are supported by 21st century competencies, namely: (a) Critical thinking and problem solving; (b) Communication skills, (c) Collaboration, and (d) Creativity and Innovation; (2) Entrepreneurial competencies that can be used to support S3-PVKT entrepreneurship learning are: (a) Core characteristics of entrepreneurship, (b) Entrepreneurial philosophy, (c) Entrepreneurial business, (d) Academic entrepreneur, (e) Government Entrepreneur, (f) ) Social entrepreneur, and (g) Leadership; and (3) Entrepreneurship Course Competencies for the S3-PVKT study program are the result of integrating 21st century competencies with core entrepreneurial competencies. The outputs of this research are in the form of National Journals, National Proceedings and Intellectual Property Rights.Keywords: Integration, Learning, 21st Century Skills, Entrepreneurship

This research article aims at exploring the Voluntary Tax-compliance behaviour of the small and medium-size business enterprises for two countries, Pakistan and Turkey. Voluntary tax-compliance from SME's is considered as major risk area by the tax-collection authorities of both developing and developed countries, authorities from both desire to bring individuals belonging to SME's to pay taxes on a voluntary basis, in order to generate higher revenues for their governments. Thus, data was collected from the owners of SME's of both countries through a questionnaire, data thus collected was analysed using SPSS and PLS-Smart. The results suggested that voluntary tax-compliance can be achieved by building a mutual trust relation and by exercising legitimate use of power by the tax authorities, results also signify that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, attitude towards taxes and moral obligation are also key factors in determining the voluntary tax-compliance behaviour as suggested by Kirchler, Hoelzl and Wahl, (2008). Also, this article tests the mediating role of the intention of building positive voluntary tax-compliance behaviour as suggested by Ajzen (1991). This study is an important contribution in literature as it incorporates data from two countries, Pakistan (a developing nation) and Turkey (that is making its mark in the list of developed countries). This research work can be further extended by incorporating comparative analysis among the business owners belonging to developed, semi-developed and developing countries.

This study evaluated the attitude of prospective teachers towards "guidance and counseling services" in distance education. The survey method was used for data collection from 730 B.Ed. learners of the AIOU by using questionnaires on a five-point rating (Likert) scale. The results indicated that the majority of the prospective teachers (80.24%) appeared to be satisfied with information services and the channels of providing such services by AIOU. More than half of the respondents (57.81%, 57.59%, and 57.81%) appeared were unsatisfied with the provision of tutors information, guidance by their tutors on writing assignments, and tutorial meetings (respectively). Overall, more than half of the respondents appeared with their positive perception about "guidance and counseling services". The study recommended tutors training on how to tutor in distance education; how-to guide and facilitate distance learners in writing good assignments.

As in many other countries, in Pakistan too, the government
provides a number of social goods and services. For this purpose, the
government has to spend huge amounts of money every year. Federal
government expenditures in real terms have grown at an annual average
rate of 8.84 percent during the past fifteen years. Also, the share of
the federal government expenditures in GNP has increased from 20.93
percent in 1971-72 to 25.19 percent in 1985-86. The main component of
the federal government expenditures is of the recurrent type and is
devoted to defence, civil administration, debt servicing, health,
education, roads, and other such services. At present, the level of
social goods and services provided by the government is not considered
satisfactory. Moreover, public demand for them is on the increase due to
an increasing population growth rate and rising standards of living in
the country. The government needs resources to meet the public demands
for its goods and services and to fulfill the development requirements
of the country. For this purpose, the government generates revenue
through various taxes and tapping other revenue sources. It is important
that these taxes and other revenue sources yield a stable revenue over
time. If there are large year to year fluctuations in revenue, it
becomes very difficult for the government to meet its inflexible
obligations and to implement development plans. Stability of revenues,
therefore, becomes very important for fiscal management and development
planning.

Purpose
With ambidextrous innovation (AI) gaining paramount importance in the manufacturing sectors of emerging markets, this research aim to explore how leadership and management support (LMS) amplify this type of innovation by leveraging knowledge sources (KS). The study further probes the knowledge management capability (KMC) as moderating effect between KS and AI.


Design/methodology/approach
Using the convenient random sampling technique of a sample of 340 professionals within Pakistan's manufacturing realm, data was collated via a structured questionnaire. The subsequent analysis harnessed the power of the variance-based partial least squares structural equation modelling approach.


Findings
This research underscores the pivotal role of LMS in elevating both facets of AI i.e. exploitative innovation (ERI) and exploratory innovation (ERT). KS emerge as a vital intermediary factor that bridges LMS with both types of innovation. Notably, the potency of KS in driving AI is significantly boosted by an organization's KMC.


Originality/value
This study fills existing gaps in contemporary research by offering a nuanced perspective on how LMS enrich an organization's dual innovation spectrum via KS. It sheds light on the symbiotic interplay of leadership, knowledge flows and innovation in Pakistan's burgeoning manufacturing sector.

The study aimed to compare teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics by using students' ratings on quality factors such as learning environment, instructional planning and strategies, subject matter knowledge, assessment, and effective communication. Through using a multistage sampling technique, the data was obtained from the students of 10th grade (N=2009), who evaluated their teachers' performance on STEQ developed by Akram (2018). The five factors of STEQ exhibited a high level of reliability (α=.88) with factor-wise reliability ranging from 0.74 to 0.86. T-test for independent samples was used to compare boys' and girls', and urban and rural students' perceptions of teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics. Female teachers were perceived as more effective than male teachers by their students in Mathematics and English, while urban teachers were perceived as more effective as compared to rural teachers by their students in Mathematics and English. Student achievement in English and Mathematics also statistically significantly differed based on the gender of students and school location. The study also gave recommendations.

Merger and acquisition is the strategy used by banks to expand its development process. In the current study operating and market performance has been assessed of the Banks exercised the M&A by taking the data from 2005-17. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the Banks performance using data collected from nine banks gone through the merger and acquisition strategy with the help of ordinary least square model. The results show significant relationship operating performance but insignificant relation with market performance. Findings provided an opportunity for the Banks to study and utilize the M&A strategy for capturing market share and further development in the competitive market. Furthermore, a glimpse for potential investors has been provided who want to create a profitable portfolio according to market concentration. The implications demands that proper improvement should be considered for the mechanism and regulatory policies to ensure the security of Banks.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to check the mediating role of work engagement (WE) between leader – member exchange and extra-role behaviours (ERBs) like organizational citizenship behaviour, knowledge sharing behaviour and innovative work behaviour.Design/methodology/approachHypothetical deductive method was used. Longitudinal, time-lagged approach (three times) was used to collect the data using structured questionnaire.FindingsIt has been found that the WE plays its mediating role between leader – member exchange, organizational citizenship behaviour and innovative work behaviour but not for knowledge sharing behaviour.Research limitations/implicationsData related to dependent variables, specifically and for the whole model generally, was collected through self-reported questionnaire, which leads toward self-serving bias at respondents' end, as exaggeration/manipulation in responses is highly expected. Second mediating role of WE between leader – member exchange and knowledge sharing behaviour has not been proven, but same mediating role has been found in case of organizational citizenship behaviour and innovative work behaviour which is beyond understanding, as all dependent variables are actually different facets of ERBs. Lastly, data for the study variable has been collected from research and development and IT-related organizations only, which can question the generalization of the survey results to other sectors/organizations.Practical implicationsThe study concluded that leader's exchange plays a vital role for under commands' ERBs, and WE vitally predicts ERBs; organizational leaders need to pay attention to this part, in Pakistan, being a poor/developing country fulfilling necessary psychological needs can result in better engagement at employees end. Study findings have importance with the view of training, as while conducting training, strategies through which leaders/supervisors may be trained about how they can build good exchange with their subordinates must be incorporated. This study has significance for policy makers, while making policies, as they consider deviant work behaviours as dangerous phenomena, at the same time they need to recognize the importance of ERBs.Originality/valueEarly mechanism of work performance did not cover full range of behaviours, so now it has been changed from fixed tasks written in employee's job description (in-role) to broader terms (extra-role) due to uncertain and dynamic work requirements. Extra-role behaviours are more important for the organization as compared to in-role performance. So, a pathway of WE has been established through which ERBs can be expected. Current study was an attempt to explore that how leader can play his role in this situation.

PurposeThis paper aims to determine the impact of corporate governance practices on the financial outcomes of Fortune Global 500 Companies, thus covering impact of geographical differences (USA and non-USA) as well.Design/methodology/approachThe study is a quantitative research based on a positivist paradigm using deductive reasoning and secondary data collection. Data collection has been done from secondary sources (annual reports, Edgar submissions and financial statistics from renowned financial databases such as yahoo.finance, Bloomberg, Ycharts statistics and Morningstar. Data were collected for 8 years (2005-2012).FindingsThe study found a strong positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. Smaller board sizes are found to generate better firm performance in Fortune Global 500 Companies. Frequency of board meetings have also been found to have inverse relationship with firm performance. The study supports board independence to improve transparency in board decision-making process. CEO compensation has been found to have inverse relationship with firm performance. The robustness of our results has been measured with the usage of three dependent variables, and we have found same results with varying significance level.Research limitations/implicationsDue to selection of globally broad sample set qualitative aspects of corporate governance could not be covered. Nevertheless, there is a need to go beyond the quantitative techniques (secondary data) of measuring corporate governance mechanisms.Practical implicationsThe population set is unique combination of big players and global diversification. Hence, the corporate governance practices of these firms as understood from the results of this study can be bench-marked for emerging corporates of varying global context.Originality/valueThe research is original and unique as it significant and globally diverse population of Fortune Global 500 Companies over a period of 8 years for 11 variables of interest. Results are helpful in bench marking for the rest of market players.