Suchergebnisse

[Version: October 2004 (revised). Last draft before publication – This paper was published as LE GOIX R., 2005, "Gated Communities: Sprawl and Social Segregation in Southern California" Housing Studies. First submission in October 2003 – Part of an earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on gated communities, Glasgow, September 18-19, 2003] http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jrf7da0dpyx7jhc1 ; International audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighbourhoods, represent a form of urbanism where public spaces are privatised. In the US, they represent a substantial part of the new housing market, especially in the recently urbanised areas. They have thus become a symbol of metropolitan fragmentation. This paper focuses on how local governments consider them as a valuable source of revenue because suburbanisation costs are paid by the private developers and the final homebuyer, and how this form of public-private partnership in the provision of urban infrastructure ultimately increases local segregation. An empirical study in the Los Angeles region aims to evaluate this impact on socio-economic and ethnic patterns using factorial analysis (dissimilarity indices). As a result, the sprawl of gated communities increases segregation. Very significant socio-economic dissimilarities are found to be associated with the enclosure, thus defining very homogeneous territories, especially on income and age criteria. However, gated communities are located in ethnic buffer zones and stress an exclusion that is structured at a municipal scale.

Cartes et illustrations © Le Goix 2005 ; The paper focuses on how gated communities, as private means of provision of public infrastructure and security, real estate products and club-economies, produce changes in housing market patterns. Based on an empirical study of Los Angeles (California) data, it aims to trace to which extent gates and walls favor property values and if the presence of gated communities produces over time (1980-2000) a deterrent effect on non-gated properties abutting the enclave, or close to it. Resulting of a demand for security, gated communities are a leading offer from the homebuilding industry. But their sprawl emerges from a partnership between local governments and land developers. Both agree to charge the homebuyer with the cost of urban sprawl (construction and maintenance costs of infrastructures within the gates). Such a structuring of residential space is then particularly desirable on the urban edges, where the cost of urban sprawl exceeds the financial assets of local public authorities. New private developments provide local governments with new wealthy taxpayers at almost no cost. As compensation, the homebuyer is granted with a private and exclusive access to sites and amenities (lakes, beaches, etc.). Such exclusivity favors the location rent, and usually positively affects the property value within the gated enclaves. But it is also assumed that operating cost of private governance are paid for by the increase of property values. Market failure nevertheless occurs when costs are raising above a sustainable level compared to property values. Changes produced by gates lead to at least two outcomes. At first sight, residential enclosures produce a price premium, thus being a smart investment. Furthermore, gated communities might well be able to generate enough property value to pay off the price of private governance. But the analysis stands on a short term basis. Larger and wealthier gated communities are successful in shielding their property values and generate enough revenue to pay for a cost of private governance, whereas a majority of average middle class gated enclaves do not succeed in creating a significant price premium, and / or did not maintain significant growth of price during the last decade. Such gated neighborhoods are at risk of a market failure in the private provision of urban infrastructure, leading to potential decay.

Cet article a fait l'objet, dans une version antérieure, d'une présentation lors d'une XXXIXème Colloque de l'ASRDLF, « concentration et ségrégation, dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales », Lyon – 1, 2 et 3 Septembre 2003. Les recherches dont il est fait état ici ont été réalisées grâce aux financements de la Fondation Franco-Américaine (2001) et de la Commission Franco-Américaine (2002-2003). ; National audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become common development schemes within the US metropolitan areas. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. They are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal autonomy, ultimately yielding to reinforced segregation. The paper aims at describing how residential enclosures are produced by law and practices. Second, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is discussed. The discontinuity, which is produced by the gating of the neighborhood, is studied by the means of disparity levels between gated communities and the neighboring areas. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique et la sélection sociale qui président à ces produits immobiliers posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations de leur morcellement en villes privées, en quête d'une autonomie politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. L'article montre d'une part comment sont produites les logiques d'enclosure résidentielles dans le droit et dans la pratique. Dans un second temps, sur le terrain de Los Angeles, est étudié l'impact social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et les voisinages d'appartenance. Il s'agit de mettre en évidence la construction des discontinuités associées à la fermeture. A partir d'une étude des disparités observées au niveau de l'enceinte de gated communities, on démontre l'effet de la fermeture sur les caractéristiques ethniques, sociales et sur l'âge des résidents, et sur la construction de territoires spécifiques.

Cartes et illustrations © Le Goix 2005 ; The paper focuses on how gated communities, as private means of provision of public infrastructure and security, real estate products and club-economies, produce changes in housing market patterns. Based on an empirical study of Los Angeles (California) data, it aims to trace to which extent gates and walls favor property values and if the presence of gated communities produces over time (1980-2000) a deterrent effect on non-gated properties abutting the enclave, or close to it. Resulting of a demand for security, gated communities are a leading offer from the homebuilding industry. But their sprawl emerges from a partnership between local governments and land developers. Both agree to charge the homebuyer with the cost of urban sprawl (construction and maintenance costs of infrastructures within the gates). Such a structuring of residential space is then particularly desirable on the urban edges, where the cost of urban sprawl exceeds the financial assets of local public authorities. New private developments provide local governments with new wealthy taxpayers at almost no cost. As compensation, the homebuyer is granted with a private and exclusive access to sites and amenities (lakes, beaches, etc.). Such exclusivity favors the location rent, and usually positively affects the property value within the gated enclaves. But it is also assumed that operating cost of private governance are paid for by the increase of property values. Market failure nevertheless occurs when costs are raising above a sustainable level compared to property values. Changes produced by gates lead to at least two outcomes. At first sight, residential enclosures produce a price premium, thus being a smart investment. Furthermore, gated communities might well be able to generate enough property value to pay off the price of private governance. But the analysis stands on a short term basis. Larger and wealthier gated communities are successful in shielding their property values and generate enough revenue to pay for a cost of private governance, whereas a majority of average middle class gated enclaves do not succeed in creating a significant price premium, and / or did not maintain significant growth of price during the last decade. Such gated neighborhoods are at risk of a market failure in the private provision of urban infrastructure, leading to potential decay.

[Version: October 2004 (revised). Last draft before publication – This paper was published as LE GOIX R., 2005, "Gated Communities: Sprawl and Social Segregation in Southern California" Housing Studies. First submission in October 2003 – Part of an earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on gated communities, Glasgow, September 18-19, 2003] http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jrf7da0dpyx7jhc1 ; International audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighbourhoods, represent a form of urbanism where public spaces are privatised. In the US, they represent a substantial part of the new housing market, especially in the recently urbanised areas. They have thus become a symbol of metropolitan fragmentation. This paper focuses on how local governments consider them as a valuable source of revenue because suburbanisation costs are paid by the private developers and the final homebuyer, and how this form of public-private partnership in the provision of urban infrastructure ultimately increases local segregation. An empirical study in the Los Angeles region aims to evaluate this impact on socio-economic and ethnic patterns using factorial analysis (dissimilarity indices). As a result, the sprawl of gated communities increases segregation. Very significant socio-economic dissimilarities are found to be associated with the enclosure, thus defining very homogeneous territories, especially on income and age criteria. However, gated communities are located in ethnic buffer zones and stress an exclusion that is structured at a municipal scale.

Cartes et illustrations © Le Goix 2005 ; The paper focuses on how gated communities, as private means of provision of public infrastructure and security, real estate products and club-economies, produce changes in housing market patterns. Based on an empirical study of Los Angeles (California) data, it aims to trace to which extent gates and walls favor property values and if the presence of gated communities produces over time (1980-2000) a deterrent effect on non-gated properties abutting the enclave, or close to it. Resulting of a demand for security, gated communities are a leading offer from the homebuilding industry. But their sprawl emerges from a partnership between local governments and land developers. Both agree to charge the homebuyer with the cost of urban sprawl (construction and maintenance costs of infrastructures within the gates). Such a structuring of residential space is then particularly desirable on the urban edges, where the cost of urban sprawl exceeds the financial assets of local public authorities. New private developments provide local governments with new wealthy taxpayers at almost no cost. As compensation, the homebuyer is granted with a private and exclusive access to sites and amenities (lakes, beaches, etc.). Such exclusivity favors the location rent, and usually positively affects the property value within the gated enclaves. But it is also assumed that operating cost of private governance are paid for by the increase of property values. Market failure nevertheless occurs when costs are raising above a sustainable level compared to property values. Changes produced by gates lead to at least two outcomes. At first sight, residential enclosures produce a price premium, thus being a smart investment. Furthermore, gated communities might well be able to generate enough property value to pay off the price of private governance. But the analysis stands on a short term basis. Larger and wealthier gated communities are successful in shielding their property values and generate enough revenue to pay for a cost of private governance, whereas a majority of average middle class gated enclaves do not succeed in creating a significant price premium, and / or did not maintain significant growth of price during the last decade. Such gated neighborhoods are at risk of a market failure in the private provision of urban infrastructure, leading to potential decay.

[Version: October 2004 (revised). Last draft before publication – This paper was published as LE GOIX R., 2005, "Gated Communities: Sprawl and Social Segregation in Southern California" Housing Studies. First submission in October 2003 – Part of an earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on gated communities, Glasgow, September 18-19, 2003] http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jrf7da0dpyx7jhc1 ; International audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighbourhoods, represent a form of urbanism where public spaces are privatised. In the US, they represent a substantial part of the new housing market, especially in the recently urbanised areas. They have thus become a symbol of metropolitan fragmentation. This paper focuses on how local governments consider them as a valuable source of revenue because suburbanisation costs are paid by the private developers and the final homebuyer, and how this form of public-private partnership in the provision of urban infrastructure ultimately increases local segregation. An empirical study in the Los Angeles region aims to evaluate this impact on socio-economic and ethnic patterns using factorial analysis (dissimilarity indices). As a result, the sprawl of gated communities increases segregation. Very significant socio-economic dissimilarities are found to be associated with the enclosure, thus defining very homogeneous territories, especially on income and age criteria. However, gated communities are located in ethnic buffer zones and stress an exclusion that is structured at a municipal scale.

Cet article a fait l'objet, dans une version antérieure, d'une présentation lors d'une XXXIXème Colloque de l'ASRDLF, « concentration et ségrégation, dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales », Lyon – 1, 2 et 3 Septembre 2003. Les recherches dont il est fait état ici ont été réalisées grâce aux financements de la Fondation Franco-Américaine (2001) et de la Commission Franco-Américaine (2002-2003). ; National audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become common development schemes within the US metropolitan areas. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. They are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal autonomy, ultimately yielding to reinforced segregation. The paper aims at describing how residential enclosures are produced by law and practices. Second, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is discussed. The discontinuity, which is produced by the gating of the neighborhood, is studied by the means of disparity levels between gated communities and the neighboring areas. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique et la sélection sociale qui président à ces produits immobiliers posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations de leur morcellement en villes privées, en quête d'une autonomie politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. L'article montre d'une part comment sont produites les logiques d'enclosure résidentielles dans le droit et dans la pratique. Dans un second temps, sur le terrain de Los Angeles, est étudié l'impact social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et les voisinages d'appartenance. Il s'agit de mettre en évidence la construction des discontinuités associées à la fermeture. A partir d'une étude des disparités observées au niveau de l'enceinte de ...

Cartes et illustrations © Le Goix 2005 ; The paper focuses on how gated communities, as private means of provision of public infrastructure and security, real estate products and club-economies, produce changes in housing market patterns. Based on an empirical study of Los Angeles (California) data, it aims to trace to which extent gates and walls favor property values and if the presence of gated communities produces over time (1980-2000) a deterrent effect on non-gated properties abutting the enclave, or close to it. Resulting of a demand for security, gated communities are a leading offer from the homebuilding industry. But their sprawl emerges from a partnership between local governments and land developers. Both agree to charge the homebuyer with the cost of urban sprawl (construction and maintenance costs of infrastructures within the gates). Such a structuring of residential space is then particularly desirable on the urban edges, where the cost of urban sprawl exceeds the financial assets of local public authorities. New private developments provide local governments with new wealthy taxpayers at almost no cost. As compensation, the homebuyer is granted with a private and exclusive access to sites and amenities (lakes, beaches, etc.). Such exclusivity favors the location rent, and usually positively affects the property value within the gated enclaves. But it is also assumed that operating cost of private governance are paid for by the increase of property values. Market failure nevertheless occurs when costs are raising above a sustainable level compared to property values. Changes produced by gates lead to at least two outcomes. At first sight, residential enclosures produce a price premium, thus being a smart investment. Furthermore, gated communities might well be able to generate enough property value to pay off the price of private governance. But the analysis stands on a short term basis. Larger and wealthier gated communities are successful in shielding their property values and generate enough ...

Cet article a fait l'objet, dans une version antérieure, d'une présentation lors d'une XXXIXème Colloque de l'ASRDLF, « concentration et ségrégation, dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales », Lyon – 1, 2 et 3 Septembre 2003. Les recherches dont il est fait état ici ont été réalisées grâce aux financements de la Fondation Franco-Américaine (2001) et de la Commission Franco-Américaine (2002-2003). ; National audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become common development schemes within the US metropolitan areas. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. They are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal autonomy, ultimately yielding to reinforced segregation. The paper aims at describing how residential enclosures are produced by law and practices. Second, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is discussed. The discontinuity, which is produced by the gating of the neighborhood, is studied by the means of disparity levels between gated communities and the neighboring areas. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique et la sélection sociale qui président à ces produits immobiliers posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations de leur morcellement en villes privées, en quête d'une autonomie politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. L'article montre d'une part comment sont produites les logiques d'enclosure résidentielles dans le droit et dans la pratique. Dans un second temps, sur le terrain de Los Angeles, est étudié l'impact social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et les voisinages d'appartenance. Il s'agit de mettre en évidence la construction des discontinuités associées à la fermeture. A partir d'une étude des disparités observées au niveau de l'enceinte de gated communities, on démontre l'effet de la fermeture sur les caractéristiques ethniques, sociales et sur l'âge des résidents, et sur la construction de territoires spécifiques.

Cet article a fait l'objet, dans une version antérieure, d'une présentation lors d'une XXXIXème Colloque de l'ASRDLF, « concentration et ségrégation, dynamiques et inscriptions territoriales », Lyon – 1, 2 et 3 Septembre 2003. Les recherches dont il est fait état ici ont été réalisées grâce aux financements de la Fondation Franco-Américaine (2001) et de la Commission Franco-Américaine (2002-2003). ; National audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become common development schemes within the US metropolitan areas. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. They are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal autonomy, ultimately yielding to reinforced segregation. The paper aims at describing how residential enclosures are produced by law and practices. Second, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is discussed. The discontinuity, which is produced by the gating of the neighborhood, is studied by the means of disparity levels between gated communities and the neighboring areas. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique et la sélection sociale qui président à ces produits immobiliers posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations de leur morcellement en villes privées, en quête d'une autonomie politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. L'article montre d'une part comment sont produites les logiques d'enclosure résidentielles dans le droit et dans la pratique. Dans un second temps, sur le terrain de Los Angeles, est étudié l'impact social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et les voisinages d'appartenance. Il s'agit de mettre en évidence la construction des discontinuités associées à la fermeture. A partir d'une étude des disparités observées au niveau de l'enceinte de gated communities, on démontre l'effet de la fermeture sur les caractéristiques ethniques, sociales et sur l'âge des résidents, et sur la construction de territoires spécifiques.

[Version: October 2004 (revised). Last draft before publication – This paper was published as LE GOIX R., 2005, "Gated Communities: Sprawl and Social Segregation in Southern California" Housing Studies. First submission in October 2003 – Part of an earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on gated communities, Glasgow, September 18-19, 2003] http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=jrf7da0dpyx7jhc1 ; International audience ; Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighbourhoods, represent a form of urbanism where public spaces are privatised. In the US, they represent a substantial part of the new housing market, especially in the recently urbanised areas. They have thus become a symbol of metropolitan fragmentation. This paper focuses on how local governments consider them as a valuable source of revenue because suburbanisation costs are paid by the private developers and the final homebuyer, and how this form of public-private partnership in the provision of urban infrastructure ultimately increases local segregation. An empirical study in the Los Angeles region aims to evaluate this impact on socio-economic and ethnic patterns using factorial analysis (dissimilarity indices). As a result, the sprawl of gated communities increases segregation. Very significant socio-economic dissimilarities are found to be associated with the enclosure, thus defining very homogeneous territories, especially on income and age criteria. However, gated communities are located in ethnic buffer zones and stress an exclusion that is structured at a municipal scale.

Jury composé de - Cynthia GHORRA-GOBIN, Directrice de recherche, CNRS, - Yves GERMOND, Professeur, Université de Rouen - Bernard MARCHAND, Professeur, Université Paris VIII - Thierry PAQUOT, Professeur, Université Paris XII, Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris - Thérèse SAINT-JULIEN, Professeur, Université Paris I - Jean-Louis TISSIER, Professeur, Université Paris XII ; Gated communities within the city in the US: Urban neighborhoods, or territories apart? Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become a common feature within the US metropolitan areas. Because security features and 24h guarded gates prevent from public access, these neighborhoods represent a form of urbanism where public space is being privatized. In the most recently urbanized areas, they represented an increasing part of the new homes market: they have thus become one of the symbols of the metropolitan fragmentation and of the increase of social segregation. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. Because they are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal independence, they are leading to a project of partition that stresses social segregation. The study is being developed in three steps, on the main field of Los Angeles. First of all, a historical definition of gated communities is proposed, describing them as a standardized suburban real-estate product. As gated communities are leading to a privatization of public space, the study of those enclaves must be placed within the broader reflection regarding the contemporary evolution of cities, especially the social patterns and urban patterns (polycentrism) produced by a generalized urban sprawl. In such a context, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is then addressed. This impact is assessed through the relevant political and legal issues: the consequences of the fading boundaries between public and private management are discussed. Gated Communities are taking part to a trend of local political autonomies, in order to protect one's investment. The discontinuity, which is implied by the gating of the neighborhood, is then discussed as the specificity of the communities compared to the neighboring areas, through a study of the impact of gated communities over social and ethnic patterns, and the protection of property values. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents, construisent des ensembles dans lesquels l'espace public est privatisé, et proposent un mode de vie fondé sur les loisirs. Symboles d'un éclatement de la ville, ces quartiers représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique, et la sélection sociale qui président à ces projets posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations d'un morcellement de la ville en communautés homogènes, gérées comme des villes privées en quête d'une indépendance politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. Sur le terrain de Los Angeles, la thèse étudie l'impact politique, fiscal, social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et voisinages d'appartenance, et met en évidence la construction de discontinuités produites par la fermeture. La gated community est tout d'abord envisagée comme un produit immobilier de consommation à destination des classes moyennes et supérieures, qui ne se limite pas aux seuls ghettos dorés. La question de la privatisation des espaces et équipements publics est mise en perspective dans le cadre de l'évolution contemporaine des villes de l'étalement urbain, et de ses implications sur la structure sociale et économique. Dans ce contexte, la nature de la séparation public – privé mise en oeuvre est étudiée dans ses aspects juridiques et politiques. Les gated communities sont en quête d'autonomie, et certains de ces quartiers créent leur propre municipalité, afin de capter les ressources fiscales et de protéger la valeur immobilière. On analyse enfin la nature socio-économique des discontinuités occasionnées au niveau de l'enceinte, en comparant les gated communities et les quartiers de leur voisinage. On évalue ainsi les effets de l'enceinte sur la valeur immobilière, et sur la construction de territoires qui se distinguent de leur environnement par le statut économique et l'âge.

Jury composé de - Cynthia GHORRA-GOBIN, Directrice de recherche, CNRS, - Yves GERMOND, Professeur, Université de Rouen - Bernard MARCHAND, Professeur, Université Paris VIII - Thierry PAQUOT, Professeur, Université Paris XII, Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris - Thérèse SAINT-JULIEN, Professeur, Université Paris I - Jean-Louis TISSIER, Professeur, Université Paris XII ; Gated communities within the city in the US: Urban neighborhoods, or territories apart? Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become a common feature within the US metropolitan areas. Because security features and 24h guarded gates prevent from public access, these neighborhoods represent a form of urbanism where public space is being privatized. In the most recently urbanized areas, they represented an increasing part of the new homes market: they have thus become one of the symbols of the metropolitan fragmentation and of the increase of social segregation. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. Because they are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal independence, they are leading to a project of partition that stresses social segregation. The study is being developed in three steps, on the main field of Los Angeles. First of all, a historical definition of gated communities is proposed, describing them as a standardized suburban real-estate product. As gated communities are leading to a privatization of public space, the study of those enclaves must be placed within the broader reflection regarding the contemporary evolution of cities, especially the social patterns and urban patterns (polycentrism) produced by a generalized urban sprawl. In such a context, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is then addressed. This impact is assessed through the relevant political and legal issues: the consequences of the fading boundaries between public and private management are discussed. Gated Communities are taking part to a trend of local political autonomies, in order to protect one's investment. The discontinuity, which is implied by the gating of the neighborhood, is then discussed as the specificity of the communities compared to the neighboring areas, through a study of the impact of gated communities over social and ethnic patterns, and the protection of property values. ; Les gated communities, quartiers enclos et sécurisés interdits aux non-résidents, construisent des ensembles dans lesquels l'espace public est privatisé, et proposent un mode de vie fondé sur les loisirs. Symboles d'un éclatement de la ville, ces quartiers représentent une part croissante des lotissements neufs. La fermeture physique, et la sélection sociale qui président à ces projets posent des problèmes inédits aux métropoles américaines : elles sont les manifestations d'un morcellement de la ville en communautés homogènes, gérées comme des villes privées en quête d'une indépendance politique et fiscale préjudiciable à la métropole. Sur le terrain de Los Angeles, la thèse étudie l'impact politique, fiscal, social de ces quartiers sur les municipalités et voisinages d'appartenance, et met en évidence la construction de discontinuités produites par la fermeture. La gated community est tout d'abord envisagée comme un produit immobilier de consommation à destination des classes moyennes et supérieures, qui ne se limite pas aux seuls ghettos dorés. La question de la privatisation des espaces et équipements publics est mise en perspective dans le cadre de l'évolution contemporaine des villes de l'étalement urbain, et de ses implications sur la structure sociale et économique. Dans ce contexte, la nature de la séparation public – privé mise en oeuvre est étudiée dans ses aspects juridiques et politiques. Les gated communities sont en quête d'autonomie, et certains de ces quartiers créent leur propre municipalité, afin de capter les ressources fiscales et de protéger la valeur immobilière. On analyse enfin la nature socio-économique des discontinuités occasionnées au niveau de l'enceinte, en comparant les gated communities et les quartiers de leur voisinage. On évalue ainsi les effets de l'enceinte sur la valeur immobilière, et sur la construction de territoires qui se distinguent de leur environnement par le statut économique et l'âge.

Jury composé de - Cynthia GHORRA-GOBIN, Directrice de recherche, CNRS, - Yves GERMOND, Professeur, Université de Rouen - Bernard MARCHAND, Professeur, Université Paris VIII - Thierry PAQUOT, Professeur, Université Paris XII, Institut d'Urbanisme de Paris - Thérèse SAINT-JULIEN, Professeur, Université Paris I - Jean-Louis TISSIER, Professeur, Université Paris XII ; Gated communities within the city in the US: Urban neighborhoods, or territories apart? Gated communities, which are walled and gated residential neighborhoods, have become a common feature within the US metropolitan areas. Because security features and 24h guarded gates prevent from public access, these neighborhoods represent a form of urbanism where public space is being privatized. In the most recently urbanized areas, they represented an increasing part of the new homes market: they have thus become one of the symbols of the metropolitan fragmentation and of the increase of social segregation. They not only build an enclosure but they also operate a selection of residents, through restrictive covenants. Because they are managed as private corporations, and pushing for political and fiscal independence, they are leading to a project of partition that stresses social segregation. The study is being developed in three steps, on the main field of Los Angeles. First of all, a historical definition of gated communities is proposed, describing them as a standardized suburban real-estate product. As gated communities are leading to a privatization of public space, the study of those enclaves must be placed within the broader reflection regarding the contemporary evolution of cities, especially the social patterns and urban patterns (polycentrism) produced by a generalized urban sprawl. In such a context, the nature of the social enclosure and its impact over other communities is then addressed. This impact is assessed through the relevant political and legal issues: the consequences of the fading boundaries between public and private management are ...