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This article is a philosophical commentary on the thesis A. Piatigorsky of the transcendental unity of the philosopher and his philosophy.

The article is devoted to the research of consumerism as sociocultural practice. It is shown that consumerism has a feature of autoreplication. Consumer ethic tends to homogenise socio-cultural practices of contemporary men, which leads to the identity crisis and sufficient change of their subjectivity

Modern plural societies characterized by ethno-cultural diversity are forming demand for effective balance of inter-group relations. The institutionalization of language policy is becoming the way of inter-ethnic relations regulation. The problem of language policy implementation is the relevance in modern European federations, the boundaries of which are overlap on the boundaries of the linguistic communities' residence. In such cases the language policy of the federal center includes the impact on the federal and regional authorities' relations. Switzerland is the research interest as one of the most decentralized federations in Europe. The compact residence of four linguistic communities' impact on the institutional foundations of the federal structure. The existing interaction of models between central authorities and cantons requires consideration as a tool for normalizing and influencing relations in plural societies. In this article the authors consider the influence of federalism and federal principles on development of language policy. The article reveals the regulatory framework of Swiss federalism, its institutional foundations, which impact on regulation of the language regime, both at the federal and regional levels. Based on the statistical data, an assessment is made of the language situations in the monolingual and bilingual cantons. The authors capture the main principles of the Swiss language regime. The principles of equality of languages, free language choice for the regions and the formal consolidation of languages' territoriality as the basis for the stability of the Swiss model of federalism. It is concluded that federalism observed the harmonization of the language situation due to division of federal and regional powers.

The article addresses the problem of military crimes in classical Athens based on the analysis of the speeches of Attic orators. First of all, the attention is drawn to the classification of crimes mentioned in speeches. In particular, the starting point for this study is the fragment from Andocides listing various types of military crimes: service evasion, desertion, cowardice, abandoning of shield, and non-participation in a naval battle. The article also examines cases related to violations of military discipline, which, apparently, stood apart from other types of crimes, which may be due to their lesser severity and punishment. In general, the issues under study in the article are considered from two perspectives: firstly, the reasons for the orators' appeal to the topic of military crimes, and, secondly, the analysis of the cases of crimes themselves and their interpretation by the orators. The authors come to the conclusion that the orators did not specifically address the topic of military crimes, with the exception of Lysias, whose two speeches are devoted to accusing Alcibiades the Younger of evading service and of desertion. The facts of military crimes, as a rule, were used to create a negative characterization of a person or were part of an accusation of another crime. In addition, a very free interpretation of these facts could take place, when orators made an attempt to accuse a person of several crimes at once, as, for example, with regard to Alcibiades the Younger and Leocrates. The case of Demosthenes, is, in fact, unfounded accusation of desertion by his political opponent Aeschines. However, according to the sources, the allegations of abandoning of arms could be regarded as slander, for which punishment was provided. There are no cases associated with non-participation in a naval battle referred to by orators, which may be due to the difficulty in identifying these facts and a small number of naval campaigns compared to those on land.

The paper focuses on A. Nixon's approach to understanding new atheism as a new relevant form of religiosity in society. Analysis of the dissertation study helps to understand how the author's position was formed and what is the methodology for his understanding of new atheism. Nixon defines his task when discussing the history of free thought in an attempt to contextually analyze the antireligious movement of the 21st century (new atheists and subgroups). His historical analysis of irreligia is a story that focuses on the appearance of differences between groups over time and the motives for such divergence and the appearance of groups. He links the measurements he discovered in his research to a longer history of the anti-religious movement.

The concepts of heart (dil) and spiritual heart (kalb) are important in the anthropological worldview of Sufism. The heart is a place of love (ishq). Divine love (ishq-i illohi) becomes the source where other paths and choices in a person's life begin. At the same time, it is the source of both sinful and pure thoughts. The heart serves as a cognitive tool. A person's search for truth and self-knowledge of his spiritual essence is carried out through hearts. With the dominance of sensory cognition in a person, there is a contradictory connection between the heart (dil, ishk) and the mind (acl). Sufis in most cases relied more on sensory cognition, on the dictates and inclinations of the heart than of the mind. The source base of the research was such Muslim hagiographic works (manakib) as "Jama'ul-makamat", dedicated to the biography of the leader of the Transoxiana Naqshbandi brotherhood Khojagi Ahmad Kosoni (died in 1542), "Saadiya", dedicated to the biography of the Juybar (Bukhara) Khojas, "Lamahat min nafahat al-uns", dedicated to the famous Jahrit Sufis, in in particular, the biography of Sheikh Khudoydod Azizon (died in 1533). The subject of the study is the analysis of the concept of the heart, its place and interpretation in the Sufi worldview. This concept is studied purely within the framework of the Muslim hagiographic tradition, based on the perception of the authors of the manakibs of this issue.The purpose of the study is to reveal the meaning of the concept of "heart", "spiritual heart" in the Sufi worldview and its relationship with other elements of being.

In this article, the author highlights various elements of modern Polish national mythology in religious context, which are presents in different forms in Polish society and also relate to discussion around Polish national identity. Attention is paid to the difference between their manifestation in the past, and the present. The author points out, that these elements are part of special narrative and ideology constructed today, for the most part, by conservative political forces, based on values formed by a Christian, especially Catholic, tradition.

This article considers formation of image of thirteen Russian million-plus cities in social media (not including federal cities – Moscow and St. Petersburg). Based on the content analysis of messages posted on the official accounts of local authorities of million-plus cities on the VKontakte social network for the period from September 1 to December 1, 2021, the authors determined the main image characteristics broadcast through official social media accounts.

The article reveals the Sufi meaning of the word "water" used in the Lives of Muslim Saints, or manakibs that appeared in Transoxiana in the 16th century. Water is widely used in the ritual practice of Sufis. Water is also important in spiritual searches, both as a purifying substance and as a source of life energy. The role of holy sources is exceptionally great in Sufism, people come to these holy places to purify themselves spiritually and worship holy images, both Sufis and ordinary people come there. The concept of "water" and its specific reflection in the manakibs indicates its importance in Sufism. In addition, typologically common features are found in people's attitude to water and to the sanctification of water in almost all world religions and cultures.

This article examines some features of PR activities of local governments during the self-isolation regime introduced in March 2020 in connection with the spread of coronavirus infection. Based on content analysis of messages posted on the official accounts of three administrations of Russian cities with millions of people (Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh) in the social network Instagram, the authors determine prior directions of PR activities of local governments in a crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

The article is devoted to the issue of a sacred landscape (a mountains) in the Sufi writings of Transoxiana of the 16th century. The pertinence of this theme is due to the need to study the issue of semantic interpretation of the concept of a sacred landscape, namely mountains, in Sufi writings. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to reveal various meanings of the concept of "a sacred landscape" in the manaqibs of Transoxiana of the 16th century by such authors as Khoja Iskhoki Kalobodi, Mahmud ibn Wali, Muhammad Alim al-Siddiqi al-Alawi and others, which contain important information on this topic. Main methods used in the study are the historical-comparative method, and the method of literary analysis, which allow us to create a holistic idea of the symbolism of landscapes (mountains, deserts, rivers) in the Sufi writings of Transoxiana in the 16th century. The subject of this study is specific features of a mountain landscape and the reasons for its attractiveness for a travelling Sufi. An inner spiritual search led the lonely Sufi to high and endless mountain surroundings where he found an answer to the needs of his mental and spiritual anxiety.

The article is devoted to the reflection of the theme of dreams in Sufi writings, mainly manakibs (Lives of Saints), relating to the Middle-Age Transoxiana. Sufism is the earliest form of the spread of the Islamic faith in the world. Sufism has absorbed both some elements of the Qur'anic teachings, and many popular beliefs associated with the belief in supernatural forces. Sufis are people who dedicated their lives to the knowledge of God through various spiritual practices, one of which is, for example, the interpretation of dreams. In these dreams there are various images that are interpreted as flukes of providence, for example, appearing Saint Khidr (or Khoja Khizr) in a dream, who is considered as absolute authority and patron of the Sufis, and who is the bearer of the moral principle; he supports and guides people on the path of virtue. On the opposite side there is the genies community, which is "hostile" towards the Sufi community. Moreover, many Sufi authorities interpreted their presence in dreams or in reality as "good" or "bad" omens. Constant presence of such theme in Muslim hagiographic writings reflects the complex and specific worldview of Sufism. Some historical and Muslim hagiographic works (manakibs) of the late Medieval Transoxiana became the source base of our work. They contain numerous hagiographic episodes that tell us of such unusual phenomena in the life of Sufis. The subject of this article is the study of the dreaming spiritual practice of the Sufis. The purpose of the research is to study the phenomenon of dreams and its significance in Sufism, to consider the place and meaning of such an important hagiographic character as Khoja Khizra and such creatures as jinn in the Sufi's worldview. The novelty of this work lies in the introduction of new information contained in the Lives of Muslim Saints of Transoxiana in the 16th century.

The article examines the features and contradictions of resolving the political crisis in Venezuela. The authors analyze the activities of the direct parties to the conflict (the ruling regime led by current President Nicolas Maduro and the political opposition supported by the country's Parliament) to resolve it and get the country out of the impasse. The work emphasizes the importance of socio-economic reasons that led to the emergence of the political crisis and the emergence of political forces, on the one hand, defending the ideas of socialist development, and, on the other, the values of the liberal — democratic structure of the state. The authors focus on the mechanisms and ways of resolving the political crisis implemented by Latin American countries, non-regional states and international organizations. However, their activities, as the study shows, are not effective enough since the national interests of states have a superior influence over the needs of stabilizing the political situation in the country and resolving the crisis. The authors examine the contradictions that prevent the beginning of a constructive dialogue between the parties of the conflict, supported by various segments of the population. The effectiveness of various international platforms and negotiation formats aimed at finding and developing solutions to the current crisis, compromises, and areas of joint activity is analyzed. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that at present it is necessary to cooperate more closely with both the ruling political elite and the opposition, despite the polar views of their representatives, as well as to expand the number of states in order to form a more objective negotiation process and achieve mutually acceptable solutions.

The article explores the period of reviving the art of calligraphy and handwritten book art in the Tatar culture, which falls on the end of the XIX century and is associated with the names of A. Makhmudov and Sh. Tagirov. The authors of the article presented the genesis and revealed the stages of calligraphy and hand-written book art formation in the culture of the Tatars. The article provides an art criticism analysis of the manuscript book art works included in the creative heritage of A. Makhmudov and Sh. Tagirov. A contrastive-comparative analysis led to a conclusion that the traditions of Iranian, Turkish and Dagestanian handwritten book art which were processed by Kazan calligraphers. That allowed them to develop local traditions of handwritten art. The study is based on the analysis of collections of manuscript monuments, including paperwork (khan labels) and books (of religious, scientific, literary and artistic content) from the collections of the Department of Manuscript and Rare Books of Kazan Federal University's N.I. Lobachevsky Scientific Library, the Center for Written and Musical Heritage of G. Ibragimov Institute of the Language, Literature and Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Republic of Tatarstan National Library, the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan, the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Graphics Department of the Republic of Tatarstan State Museum of Fine Arts. The article is based on a comprehensive study of the material; to conduct the analysis, analytical methods of research have been applied. The priority is given to the classical comparative-historical method which includes synchronous and diachronous analysis. In addition, general scientific art and cultural studies methods and approaches were implemented: the genetic one, for instance, allows making a diachronous section and tracing the process of book art formation.