Suchergebnisse

The use of Arab oil as an instrument of pressure for the revival of dormant efforts to restore peace in the Middle East was already a popular demand in many Arab countries before the outbreak of Arab-Israeli hostilities in October 1973. The political argument was simple. Production of oil beyond certain limits did not make economic sense for many Arab countries. Their depleting crude was increasingly converted into depreciating dollars and pounds yielding in fact a lower economic return than that achieved by simply keeping it in the ground. Worse still, this conversion was taking place in countries with few alternative resources and with a rather limited absorption capacity for the generated funds. Unchecked production was thus an economic sacrifice that could only be interpreted as a political favor to the consuming countries. Instead of responding positively to such a favor, the United States and most of its Western allies continued to ignore the vital interests of the Arab states. In particular, they either acquiesced in or actually encouraged the continuation of Israel's territorial expansion at the expense of its neighboring Arab states,1 and of its refusal to implement the United Nations resolutions on the rights of the Arab Palestinian people

Although much has been written on the attitude of new states toward international law in general, little concern has been given in contemporary literature to the attitude of these states toward the judicial machinery of international law and its principal organ, the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Writings on the new states' attitude toward international law are also, on the whole, theoretical and general in character to the extent that they could be described as analyses of what this attitude could or should be rather than what it is in fact. Typical of these writings is Brierly's statement that some of the new nations "at least are inclined to look on international law as an alien system which the Western nations, whose moral or intellectual leadership they no longer recognize, are trying to impose upon them"—an outlook which suggests at best an indifferent attitude toward the Court whose primary function is to apply this (alien) system of law. As a result, it has been said that the new states' attitude toward the Court is an indirect manifestation of their rebelliousness against the present system of international law or, at least, an example of their consciousness of the sovereignty they have recently acquired.

Citrate-gel auto combustion technique was used to synthesize nickel-copper mixed ferrite nanoparticles NixCu1-xFe2O4 (x= 0.0, 0.4, 1.0) with different calcinating temperatures (200, 450, 650 and 850 °C). Structural, morphological, magnetic, and electrical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and LCR meter in order to determine significant influences of Cu2+ cations content in nickel ferrite. The XRD patterns showed that all compositions had cubic spinels, except CuFe2O4 samples. The system structure in Cu-ferrite was deformed at 650 °C from a cubic to a tetragonal system with a secondary phase CuO. Lattice constant was decreased with increasing Cu2+ cations substitution in Ni-ferrites, while crystalline volume was increased. With the help of Debye-Scherrer`s equation using XRD data, we found that the crystallite size at 850 °C is lying in the range from 38.70  to 48.00 nm. The FTIR spectrum of samples under investigation showed two significant absorption bands, which refer to the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel. The magnetization test revealed a soft ferromagnetic behavior for all the compositions sintered at 850 °C. The saturation magnetization (Ms) was decreased with the substitution by Cu2+ cations, while remnant magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) were increased in Cu-ferrite. The highest Ms value was 42.25 emu.g-1 for Ni-ferrite, while the highest Hc value was 517.16 Oe for Cu-ferrite. The electrical measurement of samples showed an increase in the real dielectric constant and AC conductivity at a frequency range of 20Hz-3MHz with the addition of copper cations.

Die Aufsatzsammlung ist Ergebnis eines Workshops vom 10.-16.3.1996 in Tansania und beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Hochschulpolitik und der hochschulpolitischen Lage in Tansania. Es erfolgt eine Einordnung in die sozio-ökonomische Entwicklung des Landes und es werden Fragen nach sich wandelnden Anforderungen gestellt. Genauer werden die University of Dar es Salaam, das Ardhi Institute und das Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences analysiert. Darüber hinaus beschreiben die Autoren die Sichtweise verschiedener Akteure (Ministerium, Studierende, Eltern). (D³I-Wgm)