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Abu-Rabi reviews 'Defining Islam for the Egyptian State: Muftis and Fatwas of the Dar al-Ifta' by Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen.

AbstractThe existence of an underground economy may hide the official number of unemployed persons, their share in the labour force, and wages. It also gives rise to the economic and social conditions of individuals, household and countries, which are evaluated in a biased way if one relies on the official statistics. In this paper, we use the currency demand model of Tanzi to estimate the underground economy in Palestine over the period: (2008–2017). Toward that end, a group of econometric techniques of time series data was applied. The main empirical results show that the underground economy reached up to 28.6% in 2010 of the GDP with about USD 2676.227 million. The empirical study results also reveal that the explanatory variables listed in the study model suggested by economic theory and previous research have a significant impact on the dependent one, except the variable ratio of governmental wages and salaries to GDP. However, the money received by the government employees does not contribute to the underground economy.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an overview of storage tank incidents and the causes of the incidents. The paper also seeks to present a brief overview on Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) experience of Jebel Dhanna (JD) export terminal.Design/methodology/approachMajor hazard installations (MHIs) store large quantities of flammable material in storage tanks. Storage tanks represent important capital assets and are often critical operational items. The failure of a tank can have several undesirable effects such as endangering personnel, affecting the environment and interrupting the operator's business. The storage tank incidents and ADCO's experience on operating of an export terminal are collected from several sources such as technical articles, text books, internet web sites, and internal reports. The incidents and the causes of the incidents are reviewed and summarised. The ADCO's experience in operation of a crude oil tank farm are outlined.FindingsThe world has witnessed 480 tank fire incidents in the period 1951‐2003. The major cause of storage tank fire incidents was due to lightning. The leaks and the spills from the tanks were due to corrosion, operation, improper or lack of maintenance, poor design and/or maintenance of piping systems, fire and explosion. Although several studies have been carried out to record the tank incidents and the causes of the incidents the studies were not comprehensive. Many tank fire incidents that occurred have not been recorded in the previous studies. ADCO have been operating the JD crude oil terminal for more than three decades without a major incident. This was achieved through the design, operation and maintaining of the tanks in accordance with international standards, periodical studies by expert consultancy, and regular development of the control and protection systems with up‐to‐date technology.Originality/valueThe findings highlight that an international storage tank incidents database should be established to compile the scattered data in one site. The tank incidents database encourges the MHIS to publish tank incidents. The database can assist MHIs as well as the research institutes to learn lessons from the incidents. MHIs publishing articles is one of the means of sharing and exchanging the experience with similar installations and institutes.