Suchergebnisse

Die Verfasserinnen entwerfen das Modell einer Versorger-Fürsorge-Gesellschaft, in der Männer und Frauen unabhängig von ihrem Geschlecht das Recht haben, sowohl für die zu sorgen, die sie lieben, als auch an allen anderen gesellschaftlichen Teilbereichen teilzuhaben. Sie konzentrieren sich dabei auf die zwei zentralen Themen der realen Utopie: die Erwünschtheit des Ziels, ohne auf die Zwänge der Umsetzbarkeit zu achten, und die Durchführbarkeit der vorgeschlagenen sozialen und institutionellen Ansätze. Sie kommen insgesamt zu einer optimistischen Einschätzung der Erwünschtheit, Umsetzbarkeit und Erreichbarkeit einer geschlechteregalitären Gesellschaft. (ICE2)

In this article, we describe the social and economic changes that have contributed to contemporary problems of work—family conflict, gender inequality, and risks to children's healthy development. We draw on feminist welfare state scholarship to outline an institutional arrangement that would support an earner—carer society —a social arrangement in which women and men engage symmetrically in paid work and unpaid caregiving and where young children have ample time with their parents. We present a blueprint for work—family reconciliation policies in three areas—paid family-leave provisions, working-time regulations, and early childhood education and care—and we identify key policy design principles. We describe and assess these work—family reconciliation policies as they operate in six European countries widely considered to be policy exemplars: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, and France. We close with an analysis of potential objections to these policies.

Résumé Les idéologies sur le travail, la prise en charge des enfants, la famille et les relations hommes-femmes sont différentes selon les pays et les époques. Les approches contemporaines se caractérisent par l'importance accordée au bien-être de l'enfant, aux responsabilités familiales assumées par les femmes ou à l'égalité hommes-femmes. Pour résoudre les contradictions entre ces trois priorités, la société doit à la fois permettre aux parents de consacrer beaucoup de temps à leur enfant et favoriser une division égalitaire du travail entre les deux membres du couple. Les politiques sociales et pour l'emploi qui vont dans ce sens se rencontrent essentiellement dans les États providence sociaux-démocrates, les États providence conservateurs d'Europe continentale et libéraux du monde anglophone (en particulier les États-Unis) ayant encore beaucoup de chemin à parcourir. Ces différences dans les politiques mises en œuvre se traduisent par des différences entre les pays en ce qui concerne certains aspects essentiels de la vie des enfants et des parents.

Although early childhood education and care provision (ECEC) is increasing in all the industrialized welfare states, institutional arrangements for providing and financing services still vary substantially across countries at similar levels of economic development. These policies have potentially important implications for the reduction of income and labor market inequalities. In this paper we document variation in the institutional arrangements for ECEC in fourteen industrialized countries. Institutional variation is associated with equally varied levels of public responsibility for the care of young children - across countries, and between age groups within some countries. The extent to which care is socialized has implications for the reduction of several forms of social inequality.

Both the legal definition of rape and the social responses to it have changed dramatically over the last twenty-five years. The sorts of assaults classified as criminal, the willingness of women who have been raped to turn to the criminal justice system, the rules of prosecution, and the penalties imposed on those found guilty have all been the explicit subjects of public debates initiated in the early 1970s by activists who broke the silence of earlier decades. Activists' engagement with the policy process throughout the 1970s altered institutions and policy at the local, state, and federal levels, and also affected the development and claims of the broader women's movement.

Parental leave laws can support new parents in two complementary ways: by offering job-protected leave and by offering financial support during that leave. This study assesses the design of parental leave policies operating in 21 high-income countries. Specifically, the study analyzes how these countries vary with respect to the generosity of their parental leave policies; the extent to which their policy designs are gender egalitarian; and the ways in which these two crucial dimensions are inter-related. The study finds that public policies in all 21 study countries protect at least one parent's job for a period of weeks, months, or years following the birth or adoption of a child. The availability and generosity of wage replacement varies widely, as does the gendered nature of policy designs. Four countries stand out as having policies that are both generous and gender egalitarian: Finland, Norway, Sweden and — unexpectedly — Greece.

New state and market arrangements were twice imposed on the residents of the eastern part of Germany, once when Germany was divided in 1949 and again when it was reunified in 1990; these changes produced a unique natural experiment concerning the effect of policies and institutions on the gendered nature of work. This review synthesizes research on gender equality in paid and unpaid work in East versus West Germany during the decades immediately preceding and following reunification. We consider empirical evidence on gender equality in five major dimensions of work: the prevalence of labor market attachment, time spent in paid work, wages, employment sector and occupation, and time spent in unpaid work in the home. Taken together, developments across these dimensions suggest that, following reunification, the two parts of the country converged toward the gendered arrangement in which men are employed full-time and their female partners hold part-time jobs—with some evidence of continuing differences between East and West.