Suchergebnisse

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la distribución laboral femenina en el año 2012 en el mercado de trabajo español, planteada desde una doble perspectiva: el grado de expulsión o rechazo que padecen las mujeres en las ocupaciones masculinizadas, y el grado de atracción o concentración de dicho colectivo en las ocupaciones feminizadas. Para ello —utilizando como base de datos la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA)—, la metodología utilizada se basa en la descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder sobre las probabilidades que tienen hombres y mujeres de pertenecer a una ocupación masculinizada o feminizada. La conclusión principal es que el nivel de concentración de las mujeres en las ocupaciones femeninas supera notablemente el grado de expulsión o rechazo de las ocupaciones masculinas

The expansion of services and the dissemination of information and communication technologies (ICTs) are identified as important factors for improving employment opportunities for women, reducing labour differences by gender. The objective of the study is to determine to what extent services, and especially those most closely linked with knowledge and ICTs such as knowledge-intensive services (KIS), are changing some of the basics of labour gender differences. To do this, first we measure and characterize employment related to the service sector and KIS, comparing the existing gender wage-gap in these activities with the one observed in the overall economy. Then we carry out an analysis of decomposition over these gaps (in term of total distribution of wages and by quantiles). Our results indicate that, although KIS improve the wage situation of women, they are unable substantially to reduce gender wage inequality in the Spanish labour market, perhaps because the same gendered structures of the workplace are replicated in the KIS activities.

RésuméEn Espagne, le degré de ségrégation professionnelle selon le sexe est parmi les plus élevés d'Europe. Les auteurs étudient les déterminants de la probabilité de travailler dans des professions à dominante masculine ou féminine. Combinant la technique de décomposition d'Oaxaca‐Blinder et une analyse contrefactuelle fondée sur un échantillon de «femmes hypothétiques», ils mettent en évidence les composantes inexpliquées des différentiels de probabilité observés. La dynamique sexuée du marché du travail explique l'essentiel de la ségrégation, plus en raison de la «discrimination positive» en faveur des femmes dans les professions féminisées que de la discrimination négative dans les professions à dominante masculine.

ResumenEl nivel de segregación ocupacional por género en España es de los más altos de Europa. Con datos de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo española, este artículo investiga las probabilidades de empleo para hombres y mujeres en ocupaciones mayoritariamente masculinas o femeninas. Combinando una descomposición de Oaxaca‐Blinder con un análisis contrafáctico, los autores concluyen que las características personales, familiares y laborales explican un porcentaje muy pequeño de la diferencia de probabilidades, y que la segregación ocupacional en España en detrimento de las mujeres se produce más por su confinamiento en ocupaciones consideradas femeninas que por su exclusión de las consideradas masculinas.

Spain has one of Europe's highest levels of occupational segregation by sex. Using data from the Spanish Working Conditions Survey, this article investigates the determinants of workers' probabilities of employment in male‐dominated and female‐dominated occupations. Combining Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition technique with counterfactual analysis based on a sample of "hypothetical women", the authors probe the unexplained components of the probability differentials they identify. While gendered labour market dynamics are found to account for the bulk of segregation, the strength of this effect owes more to "positive discrimination" favouring women in female‐dominated occupations than to discrimination against women in male‐dominated occupations.

Memory capacity suffers an age-related decline, which is supposed to be due to a generalized slowing of processing speed and to a reduced availability of processing resources. Information encoding in memory has been demonstrated to be very sensitive to age-related changes, especially when carried out through self-initiated strategies or under high cognitive demands. However, most event-related potentials (ERP) research on age-related changes in working memory (WM) has used tasks that preclude distinction between age-related changes in encoding and retrieval processes. Here, we used ERP recording and a delayed match to sample (DMS) task with two levels of memory load to assess age-related changes in electrical brain activity in young and old adults during successful information encoding in WM. Age-related decline was reflected in lower accuracy rates and longer reaction times in the DMS task. Beside, only old adults presented lower accuracy rates under high than low memory load conditions. However, effects of memory load on brain activity were independent of age and may indicate an increased need of processing after stimulus classification as reflected in larger mean voltages in high than low load conditions between 550 and 1000 ms post-stimulus for young and old adults. Regarding age-related effects on brain activity, results also revealed smaller P2 and P300 amplitudes that may signal the existence of an age dependent reduction in the processing resources available for stimulus evaluation and categorization. Additionally, P2 and N2 latencies were longer in old than in young participants. Furthermore, longer N2 latencies were related to greater accuracy rates on the DMS task, especially in old adults. These results suggest that age-related slowing of processing speed may be specific for target stimulus analysis and evaluation processes. Thus, old adults seem to improve their performance the longer they take to evaluate the stimulus they encode in visual WM ; This study was funded by the Spanish Government ...

Although oil-immersed power transformers generally use mineral oil as insulation and cooling fluid, this liquid does not meet the new technical requirements of dielectric fluids such as high biodegradability, non-toxicity and high safety. For these reasons, natural and synthetic esters as alternative to mineral oil have increased their utilization in some transformers installations. Despite the fact that there are several works that have demonstrated the suitability of these insulation fluids from the point of view of their stability, dielectric and thermal properties, there are very few works focused on the study of the effects of these liquids on impregnation process. The aim of this work is provide information about the behavior of different rigid insulation materials, not studied until now, during the impregnation process in a synthetic ester compared with a mineral oil. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823969-BIOTRAFO

The assessment of two vegetal oils as coolant in Low Voltage Winding of a power transformer with zigzag cooling have been analyzed. These dielectric fluids cooling performance has been compared with a typical mineral oil. To make the study, a 2D-axisymmetrical model of a power transformer has been developed to perform a numerical analysis using a Finite Element Method based software, COMSOL Multiphysics®. Some values are obtained in order to establish the comparison, such as hot-spot temperature or hot-spot factor. Moreover, the influence of the increase of the number of passes of the cooling circuit on the hot-spot temperature has been evaluated for all liquids and compared with the initial design. Results obtained in this work show that the hot-spot temperature is lower for the vegetal oils in the initial design. Furthermore, an increase in the number of passes affect more positively to the mineral oil since similar values of the hot-spot temperature for all liquids are obtained. Values of the hot-spot factor indicates that higher number of passes leads to lower efficient cooling circuits owing to the increase of the pressure drop although the hot-spot temperature decreases. ; The author of this work would like to acknowledge to the Spanish Ministry of Science for the financial support to the National Research Project: Performance of the insulating systems in transformers: alternative dielectrics, thermalfluid modelling and post-mortem analysis (DPI2013-43897-P). Also Mr. Santisteban would like to acknowledge to the University of Cantabria and the Government of Cantabria for the financial support for the Ph.D. scholarship (CVE-2015-11149).

This work compares the temperature distribution and hot-spot temperatures obtained in a disc-type winding of a power transformer when using as dielectric liquid a mineral oil or natural esters. The comparison is made with a reference case for mass flow rate and temperature in the inlet and uniform losses for the discs. A further comparison is performed by increasing the mass flow rate at the inlet form 0.78 kg/s to 0.9 and 1.0 kg/s, thus nine case studies are considered in this work. These cases have been analyzed via CFD techniques using the software COMSOL Multiphysics® with a 2D-axysymmetrical model using the Conjugate Heat Transfer module. For the analysis, the hotspot factor H is considered as an indicator of the cooling circuit efficiency since the losses are uniform. Results shows that for the base case, the hot-spot temperature obtained for the mineral oil is 9-11°C higher than the obtained with esters whereas for the increased mass flow rate, hot-spot temperature of mineral oil is equal or even lower than the obtained for natural esters. The analysis of the hot-spot factor shows the dependence of the cooling circuit efficiency on the kind of oil and inlet conditions. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from multiple sources over years, but we would specifically like to acknowledge the support received in the later stages from the Spanish Plan Estatal de I+D under the grant agreement DPI2015-71219-C2-1-R. Also A.Santisteban would like to thank the University of Cantabria and the Government of Cantabria for the supporting of his Ph.D. scholarship.

In many countries, diverse legislations are today asking for more rational use of energy. For this reason, several initiatives are nowadays promoting a reduction of the overall energy consumption. The European Union has published a Directive 2009/125/EC which fix eco-design requirements to energy-related products. One of these products is power transformers which are a basic piece of generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy. The operation of these machines implies the transformation of energy, a part of this energy is dissipated in electrical and magnetic circuits. The amount of losses produce by transformers is defined during the design of these machines. So, they must comply with the above EU Directive. In fact, the Official Journal of the European Union has set a list of energy efficiency limits to be fulfilled by new machines sold in Europe (Commission Regulation 548/2014). This article presents three parts. The calculation of the maximum performance is presented in the first part. This is independent of the load percentage, the impedance and the voltage level. A description of the European fleet of power transformer, up to 100MVA is presented on the second section. In the last part of this work, the efficiency of the fleet is analysed using the maximum performance concept and considering the EU Regulation.

This paper develops the comparison of two cogeneration systems that are suitable to perform heat energy recovery of the smoke produced by a casting process. ; The authors would like to thank the financial support of Government of Cantabria and NISSAN under the INVESNOVA research project and to the Council on Research and Technological Development of the University of Cantabria by their administrative assistance.

Researchers, planners, and decision makers admit the need to take into account the social conflicts inherent to invasive species management in order to minimize controversy. These conflicts are mainly based on differences in values systems, thus causing antithetical policies in environmental management. On the topic of Eucalyptus plantations, this paper studies two cases in Galicia, a region under an emerging social fight between advocates and opponents: firstly, we analyze a local community that is progressively eradicating Eucalyptus through the principles of ecological restoration; and secondly, a planning initiative led by a local government with a common goal. In order to set the spatial and social dimensions of the conflict, the methodological approach is based on the components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception theory. The results are discussed with the purpose of examining to what extent the case studies imply a new model of rural governance, and in this respect, are transferrable to other situations. We conclude that institutional non-interference in Eucalyptus management facilitates the emergence of diverse new governance practices in the local scale but endures the conflict in its regional dimension ; This research is supported by the PhD scholarship "Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria) to D.C. (grant number ED481A-2018/263) and the research grant "Consolidación e estruturación. 2016 GRC GI-1871 Análise territorial" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenamento Universitario) to the ANTE Research Group, directed by R.-C.L.-G. (grant number ED431CR-2016/010). ; SI

Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients treated at the Emergency Departmentof the Hospital Militar Central Luis Arias Schreiber from July to October 2020. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out with 89 patients whotested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on molecular and/or rapid tests. The information was collected from the daily progressreport of the patients treated at the hospital's Emergency Department from July to October 2020. The results wereprocessed using the IBM SPSS Statistics V25.0. Results: Males were more likely to test positive for COVID-19 (84.27 %). Most cases occurred in patients aged between 50 and59 (34.83 %). The highest percentage of deaths was found in patients older than 70 years, out of whom 71.43 % were females.Comorbidities were reported in patients aged 40 and older, out of whom 67.41 % had at least one of them. Obesity wasthe most frequent comorbidity, followed by hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sixty-seven point four one percent(67.41 %) of the patients required non-invasive ventilation and most of them were hospitalized. Twenty-one point three fourpercent (21.34 %) of the patients required mechanic ventilation and 68.42 % were admitted to the intensive care unit.Conclusions: The most common characteristics of COVID-19 patients are male sex, ages between 50 and 59 years old, andobesity. Additionally, using non-invasive ventilation had a better prognosis than using mechanical ventilation. ; Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes atendidos por COVID-19 en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Militar Central Luis Arias Schreiber en el periodo julio a octubre del 2020. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Fueron evaluados 89 pacientes que tenían un resultado positivo en una prueba molecular y/o rápida para SARS-CoV-2. La información se recogió del reporte diario de los pacientes hospitalizados en el ...

This paper analyses and compares the impact that maghemite and titania nanoparticles have in the electrical and thermal performance of a commercial natural ester used in power transformers. Vegetal-oil-based nanofluids have been prepared at different concentrations. Once the nanofluids were obtained, the breakdown voltage of the oil samples with and without nanoparticles was measured. It was found that the concentration of nanoparticles influences the breakdown voltage of natural ester. The existence of optimal concentrations has been noticed, and these nanofluids were selected for the upcoming tests. The cooling capacity of these liquids and the base fluid was measured through a thermal analysis in an experimental platform. The experiment developed is based on a 1-phase transformer (800 VA, 230/115 V) immersed in a stainless-steel fulfilled with insulating liquid. The temperatures inside the tank were monitored at the bottom and at the top of the tub to measure the oil temperature. Other sensor measured the hotspot winding temperature, defined as the hottest temperature of winding conductors in contact with solid insulation or insulating liquid. This sensor was located at the top of the winding as the most probable hot-spot location. Ambient temperature was also measured as a reference. A microcontroller (Arduino) and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) was utilized to record the measurements of the sensors. The results of the thermal study showed that only maghemite based nanofluids exhibited improved heat transfer characteristics in comparison with the natural ester oil. ; This research is under BIOTRAFO project which has received funding from the European Union Commission's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCARISE-2018- 823969; 2019-21. Also it has received financial support from the Spanish National Research Project: "Improvement of Insulation Systems of Transformers through Dielectric Nanofluids: Thermodynamic Characterizations and Modelling" (DPI2015-71219-C2 1-R) and from the Regional Government of Cantabria, Project "Fluidos Biodegradables en Transformadores Eléctricos de Potencia: Impregnación de Dieléctricos Sólidos y Modelado Térmico con THNM."