Suchergebnisse

Human resources are a very important factor in their role to the development of many developing countries such as Indonesia. The development of human resources should be carefully planned by paying attention to the needs of its social structure as well as its national technology. For this reason, it needs appropriate relied strategy to be able the industrial community to prepare it self thoroughly during the present take-off stage era. One of its strategy is by identifying the problems which would possibly take place around the take-off stage, both domestic as well as foreign. The shift of the world economic structure that happened as a consequence of the development of new technology, and the slackening of the cold war between two very powerful countries are two most essential questions among the foreign problems; whereas the obstacles that come from the country itself are among others the extremely low labour productivity of Indonesia as a consequence of the poor educational level of the majority of the population, the low wages, the serious problems of unemployment,the inappropriate work ethics and work disciplines, and its inability inworld competition.Eased on the above statements, the most important effort to obtain potential human resources during the coming take-off stage era is by improving the quantity and quality of resources to be able to answer every challenge that may emerge later, and by putting high priority on the overall reorganization of human resources of Indonesiato become one of much stronger integrity.

Increasing concern on the problemof carrying in broad sense (natural, social, and built environment) which support to the process of sustainable development has stimulated awareness on how important it is for the government and the community to maintainthe development and environment in the perfect harmony.This paper discuss varions attempt in developing new policy indicators needed by the government to monitor the performance of sustainable development. These efforts are that the policy making should always be provided with qualities, environment, development strategies, and its related interactions.

This study aims to describe the backgrounds of the birth and meaning of Undangundang Sultan Adam (UUSA). It employed the hermeneutic method and philology. The data source was the UUSA text written in the era when Sultan Adam reigned over the Banjar Kingdom in 1825-1857. The findings are as follows. First, the birth of UUSA was due to the fight of two sects, i.e. ahlusunah waljamaah and ahlal albidaah. Second, the whole meaning of the UUSA text shows that: (1) the Banjar Kingdom was a theocratic kingdom, (2) ulemas and religious organizations played dominant roles in the government, (3) legal religious organizations were those in the Safii sect, (4) UUSA was written on the basis of the ideas of the ulema of the Banjar Kingdom, namely Haji Djamaloedin, and (5) UUSA aimed to serve as religious experience perfection, a guide for judges to make decisions, and an attempt to counter other religious organizations growing during the era.

Salah satu tujuan dari pelaksanaan AFTA adalah untuk mengurangi hambatan perdagangan dengan mengurangi tarif impor antar anggota ASEAN dengan asumsi bahwa jika tarif lebih rendah atau nol, seharusnya terdapat peningkatan nilai perdagangan antara anggota ASEAN. Penelitian ini menguji apakah pelaksanaan AFTA memiliki dampak pada kinerja ekspor Indonesia dan kontribusi kendala di belakang perbatasan (behind the border constraints) terhadap kinerja ekspor Indonesia seperti administrasi bea dan cukai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan model gravitasi dengan analisis stochastic frontier yang berbeda dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya tentang kinerja perdagangan Indonesia yang menggunakan estimasi OLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, secara empiris, GDP , jarak, populasi, nilai tukar, tarif, dan keanggotaan di ASEAN signifikan mempengaruhi perdagangan Indonesia dengan negara partner. Lebih lanjut, hasil estimasi stochastic frontier menunjukkan bahwa kendala di belakang perbatasan menurun setiap tahunnya. Namun, ekspor Indonesia masih under trade dengan semua negara ASEAN yang mengindikasikan rendahnya pemanfaatan AFTA. Di sisi lain, ekspor Indonesia over trade dengan Cina dan hampir berada di tingkat yang optimal dengan Amerika Serikat, Jepang, dan Belanda. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemerintah Indonesia harus mempromosikan lebih banyak ekspor dengan negara-negara ASEAN untuk mencapai tujuan dari deklarasi AFTA dua dekade lalu. One objective of the AFTA implementation is to reduce trading constraints by reducing import tariffs among ASEAN's members with the assumption that if tariffs are lower or zero, there should be an increase in intra-trading value among ASEAN members. This study examines whether the implementation of the AFTA has had any impact on Indonesia's export performance and 'behind the border' constraints contribution in Indonesia's exports such as customs administrations. The study uses the gravity model approach with a stochastic frontier analysis which is different from previous research about Indonesia's trading performance that uses OLS estimation. The results show that, empirically, GDP, distance, population, exchange rate, and membership in ASEAN significantly affect Indonesia's trading with partner country. Furthermore, stochastic frontier analysis' results show that 'behind the border' constraints decrease overtime. However, Indonesia's exports is under trade with all ASEAN countries which indicates the low utilisation of AFTA. On the other hand, Indonesia's exports are over trade with China and almost at optimal level of exports with the US, Japan, and the Netherlands. The implication of this study is that the Indonesian government should promote more exports with ASEAN countries to accomplish the objectives of the AFTA declaration two decades ago.

Microfinance is known to be one of the best tools to combat poverty, and believed to have a positive effect on environmental awareness. This book analyses the impacts of Islamic microfinance on both poverty alleviation and environmental awareness and the variation in its effects between different geographical conditions, as well as how it compares in these respects with conventional microfinance. Islamic microfinance institutions (MFIs) had a more significant impact on poverty alleviation than conventional MFIs, but a low effect on awareness of specific environmental issues. Islamic MFIs were also successful in combating poverty regardless of regional differences, but similarly ineffective in contributing to environmental awareness.

Microfinance is known to be one of the best tools to combat poverty, and believed to have a positive effect on environmental awareness. This book analyses the impacts of Islamic microfinance on both poverty alleviation and environmental awareness and the variation in its effects between different geographical conditions, as well as how it compares in these respects with conventional microfinance. Islamic microfinance institutions (MFIs) had a more significant impact on poverty alleviation than conventional MFIs, but a low effect on awareness of specific environmental issues. Islamic MFIs were also successful in combating poverty regardless of regional differences, but similarly ineffective in contributing to environmental awareness.

Poverty is one of the greatest problems affecting developing countries. Socio-economic imbalances, created by both natural and artificial resource scarcity, restrict impoverished people's access to economic opportunities, limiting their purchasing power and empowerment. Environmental degradation is thus both a cause and effect of resource scarcity, as the poor are forced to seek increasingly environmentally and economically unsustainable methods of income generation, further marginalizing them. Microfinance is known to be one of the best tools to combat poverty, as it allows the poor to empower both themselves and their communities through the creation and sustainment of their own businesses. Moreover, green microfinance, which combines the core concepts of microfinance with environmental awareness and preservation, aims to allow empowerment to occur without compromising the environment. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) use simple administrative procedures and the general abolishment of collateral to allow inhabitants of remote areas to access microfinance, whilst maintaining relationships with them and assisting with their financial and personal problems, educating them, and providing aid in the event of environmental disasters. Hence, microfinance is believed to have a positive effect on both poverty alleviation and environmental awareness. In Indonesia, the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Islamic finance, which was established in 1991 and saw rapid development during the politically volatile years of 1997 and 1998 (Seibel 2008), comprises commercial banks and banking units, Islamic rural banks, and Islamic financial cooperatives. Commercial Islamic banks focus on providing savings, financing, and insurance to medium and large businesses. People running small or micro businesses are thus restricted from receiving their services. Islamic microfinance, in the form of banking units, rural banks, and financial cooperatives, fills the void left by the commercial banks, enabling Indonesia's disadvantaged entrepreneurs to generate income on their own terms. Most people in Pasuruan Regency, East Java, earn their incomes in the processing industry, agriculture, and trading. In this region, these sectors contribute more than any other to the total Gross Regional Domestic Product (BPS Pasuruan). However, most of them generally negatively affect the environment, through pollutive and chemically harmful practices, as well as a lack of skill and knowledge required to mitigate the negative impacts of these practices. These effects could be influenced by the microfinance institutions that finance their business activities and have a say in how their businesses are run. This is particularly the case with the Islamic MFIs in the region, in whom clients put a great deal of trust, and whose growth has been stimulated by Islamic finance's own growth in Indonesia as a whole. Although MFIs have seen significant development since the 1970s, not enough is known about them. While they have been shown to contribute to poverty alleviation, little is known about their simultaneous roles as facilitators of poverty alleviation and environmental development. Understanding this dynamic was of particular concern in Pasuruan Regency, as the peoples of our research sites appeared to show little regard for their environment whilst relying on MFIs to support their businesses. With their institutions failing to intervene in their destructive behaviors, there is an opening for environmental degradation to be countered with the use of MFIs as promoters of environmentally-friendly business practices. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Islamic microfinance institutions on the welfare of their clients, and whether they positively contribute to their environmental awareness. We examined the role of Islamic microfinance institutions in poverty alleviation and environmental awareness in three different areas of Pasuruan Regency, namely lowland, coastal, and upland. We further compared the impact of Islamic MFIs with that of conventional MFIs, to understand whether Islamic microfinance is consistent with other microfinance types or is able to stand out in its influence on clients' welfare, awareness, and behavior Field work data was collected using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach comprised in-depth interviews, direct observations, and focus group discussions, while the quantitative approach comprised standardized and semi-structured questionnaires. Additionally, secondary data was obtained from banks and a number governmental organizations and officials and statistics offices. Triangulation and a logic model were used to evaluate and validate data before conducting both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. The qualitative analysis was used to describe the behavior of the people in our research area, particularly towards changes in their economic welfare and awareness of specific environmental issues after joining a microfinance institution. Quantitative data analyses consisted of frequency distributions and numerical summaries. Our results revealed that both Islamic and conventional MFIs' primary concerns were self-sustainability, as they attempted to maintain financial performances and increase client bases within a regional context. Pondok pesantren, through their prevalence and their teachers and students' social programs, contributed to the development of Islamic MFIs in the lowland area by improving the public's perceptions of Islamic microfinance. In the coastal area, Islamic MFIs managed to mitigate the challenges and poor perceptions created by their failed predecessors. Meanwhile, Islamic MFIs in the upland area employed specific strategies to overcome challenges to their sustainability during periods of mass withdrawals. Conventional MFIs largely tailored their services to the needs of their clients, helping farmers acquire seeds and fertilizer in the lowland area, for example, or assisting fisheries and small entrepreneurs in the coastal area and helping clients grow, harvest, and process agroforestry products in the upland area. The microfinance institutions in all three areas positively contributed to poverty alleviation, with a significant majority of MFI clients being able to develop their businesses after receiving financing or loans—more so those in the lowland and coastal areas than the upland area. In terms of business re-investment, the lowland area was found to have the lowest percentage of clients spending their surplus incomes on increasing business size or employee numbers; a factor that requires attention from the local government and MFIs if they are to contribute to self-empowerment. Contrasting their impacts on poverty alleviation, both conventional and Islamic MFIs had negligible impacts on increasing the environmental awareness of their clients. Our analyses revealed that the MFIs in all three areas had problems with providing environmental training to their clients, failing to combat the already existent lack in awareness, and consequent accumulative degradation that occurred as a result. In all three research sites, more respondents reported that they did not receive training from their MFI than those who did. MFIs found it costly to dedicate a part of their net profits to environmental matters, but we found one cost-effective way to contribute to environmental awareness was through informing them of the existence of the few training programs that were available. There are still a limited number of empirical studies on Islamic microfinance's contributions to the poverty reduction of both the poor and the poorest. Our comparisons of the roles of Islamic and conventional MFIs in alleviating poverty revealed that both Islamic and conventional MFIs had a positive effect on poverty alleviation—Islamic MFIs slightly more than conventional ones. The screening system used by the Islamic MFIs, in particular their targeting of clients who were less inclined to use their funds for unrelated purposes, had a significant impact on their ability to avoid the lending risks encountered by the conventional MFIs, as well as the development of their clients' businesses. This was supported by key informants' observations that Islamic microfinance reduces the poverty level of clients, with their interest-free financing options and more flexible repayment plans being major factors. Islamic MFIs' redistributions of public donations to the poorest in the form of qard al hasan (credit without interest) also fortified their roles as important contributors to poverty reduction. Nevertheless, considering how integral the environment is to their clients' livelihoods, their environmental initiatives were merely enablers in their clients' destructive behaviors, and will only contribute to increased resource scarcity and more arduous poverty alleviation efforts. Islamic MFIs should therefore look at targeting environmentally-friendly businesses, in spite of their unfairly negative associations with cost and risk, whether through the use social funds or collaboration with the government. Green microfinance, which was unsuccessful in our study, should continue to be studied as a viable method of providing financial services to poor communities. Green Islamic microfinance, further, may be considered the next step in Islamic finance's development, as institutions attempt to empower individuals and communities in increasingly vulnerable environments.

Combating Human Trafficking Through Criminal Law. In modern day slavery does not exist anymore. However, the practice of slavery in modern times transforms into human trafficking. Trafficking in persons in general can be defined as a condition where people, especially women and children, are for sale to work and they are forced to be involve in prostitution. Then the question is, how is it necessary to criminalize human trafficking? This article concludes that the actions to criminalize human trafficking is right based on the theory of crime. In addition, it is in line with the politics of state law as reflected in the national long-term development plan. DOI:10.15408/jch.v1i1.2982

At first, the Corruption Court was established by Act No. 30 of 2002 on the Corruption Eradication Commission. As a special court, berinduk Corruption Court in the District Court (PN) in this case the Central Jakarta District Court. In its development, the existence of the Corruption Court unchanged. Appropriate decision of the Constitutional Court (MK) Number: 012-016-019 / PUU-IV / 2006 dated December 19, 2006, the Corruption Court shall be established by Law in itself, not later than three years from the issuance of the decision of the Court. Under Article 3 of Law No. 46 In 2009, the Corruption Court located in every capital of the district / city whose jurisdiction covers the area of the district court of law is concerned. With regard to the case of ratification of the revised Regulation No. Riau Province 6 of 2010 that involve legislators are handled by the Corruption Court Pekanbaru, then the existence of the court is legitimate, because it was considered appropriate jurisdiction based on the decision of the Court. Handling the case was also considered to have been applying the provisions of the criminal procedure law honestly and precisely for the purpose of requesting the examination and judgment of the court in order to discover whether evidence that a crime has been committed and whether the accused was to blame, because the case has been meeting the principle -prinsip criminalization.

Elections in a democracy is one of the fundamental pillars of a process of accumulation willingness of the people. Elections are also a democratic procedure to elect the leader. Elections are the mechanism of power transformation (succession) is the most secure, when compared with other methods. Elections can be said is the fundamental pillar of a democracy. To select regional head and deputy regional head at the district level, was held Election Regional Head and Deputy Head of Region (Election) to select candidates for the Regent and Vice Regent as leaders at the local level. From the previous times elections, the elections and the General Election in Tanah Bumbu allegedly contained the presence of voters who did not vote (non-voters) tend to increase, because of that study was conducted to reveal a phenomenon not choose (non-voters) and Reasons the Voters are not voting in the general elections local Head and Deputy Head (Election) in the year 2010 in the District of Tanah Bumbu, South Kalimantan.Keywords: Phenomenon, not chosen (non-voters), Reason Voters, Election.

The primary mission of constitutionalist thought is the limitation of power of the government. This limitation means the guarantee and protection of rights of the society. The thought about the limitation of government power aims to avoid power abuse, authoritarian and irresponsible acts. In the constitutional democratic countries, constitutionalism is one of qualifications of democratic countries. However, the democracy is questioned when constitutionalism is included in the constitution and in the real implementation of the state. Key words: constitutionalism, constitution

In the midst of direct election of public officials era (in Indonesia was marked by legislative elections/ includes regional representatives, election of president and vice president in 2004 and local elections since 1st June 2005), modern political communication relies heavily on the media to carry the political messages, mainly advertisements regarding themselves and the candidate program. The question then, when the media in Indonesia began to complement their roles, in accordance with the flow of media performance, media responsibility, media accountability, to the concept of role in the democratization of media (Media for Democracy monitor). With a starting point on these concepts, this paper tries to take some cases and the phenomenon as a discussion of earlier atempts to highlight how the media do its part in full and should be systematic.

FOR A YOUNG PERSON TO FEEL FREE in the Islamic Republic of Iran, they must break the law. Holding hands in public in punishable; the sight of a woman smoking, cause of arrest. Being different, whether by sexual orientation, religion, musical taste or style of dress, is prosecuted. Their world is one of private fantasies and secret parties. Behind closed doors, the relief from controlling social pressures is palpable, but never complete. In a place where so much is forbidden, being a criminal becomes the only way to feel normal. Adapted from the source document.