Suchergebnisse

Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed. The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion at the global level, drawing upon a 19 nation study covering 14 policy areas. Among other things, the analysis shows that China is the most, the United States the least 'compassionate' nation, the developing countries on the whole being more compas sionate than the developed ones.

Research of Canadian & other peace researchers on attitudes & policies at the personal, group, & national levels is discussed. The attitudes of 19 nations & of business, people, government, intellectuals, & religions in each were rated in E. Laszlo et al (Goals For Mankind: A Report to the Club of Rome on the New Horizons of Global Community, New York: Dutton, 1977); these ratings are organized on a dimension ranging from compassion, including freedom, justice, peace, & globalism, to compulsion, including militarism, punishment, & religiousness. China is found to be most & the United States least compassionate; developing countries are generally more compassionate than developed ones. 3 Tables. Modified HA.

A review of the literature on primitive militarism revealed some inconsistency between Q. Wright's conclusion that more primitive people were less warlike (A STUDY OF WAR, Chicago, Ill: U of Chicago Press, 1965) & E. W. Russell's conclusion that primitive militarism was related to personality but not to culture ("Factors of Human Aggression," Behavior Science Notes, 1972, 7, 275-312). In an attempt to resolve this inconsistency, the present study was designed to view militarism in relation to other variables provided in R. B. Textor's cross-cultural summary of anthropological studies (A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY, New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files, 1967). Primitive militarism was related to geographical region, cultural development, personal discipline, sexual repression, & narcissism. The anthropological correlates of militarism among primitive societies were similar to the psychological correlates of militarism among modern individuals. Primitive militarism emerged as a function of both culture & personality. The anthropological findings, like those from modern attitude studies, suggested 3 basic variables contributing to war in primitive cultures as well as modern societies: Private property, frustrated personality, & egoistic morality. 1 Table. Modified HA.

Sur la base des écrits sacrés des grandes religions, on pourrait s'attendre à voir les comportements religieux associés à des attitudes favorables à la paix, l'égalité, la liberté, l'amour et d'autres valeurs semblables. Cependant, les résultats des études réalisées depuis quarante ans, ne confirment pas cette hypothèse. Au contraire, ces études suggèrent de façon vigoureuse que les adeptes les plus « orhodoxes » de ces religions font preuve de soumission et de conformisme plutôt que de compassion. Les changements d'attitudes au sein du christianisme à l'égard de la guerre au cours de ce siècle suggèrent que la relation entre religiosité et militarisme est fonction du type de relation qui existe entre les Eglises et l'Etat. Ceci résulterait surtout du fait que les Eglises stimulent avant tout la con formité de leurs membres. Puisque la conformité ecclésiale contribue tout à la fois aux comportements violents et à la violence structurelle, il serait nécessaire que les Eglises favorisent le non conformisme et la non violence si elles veulent contribuer effectivement à l'avènement de la paix et de la justice dans le monde.

In the two articles that follow, William Eckhardt's "Notes Toward a Science of Value" and Hanna Newcombe's "Venn Diagrams of Value: Peace, Justice, Freedom, Love", the authors examine the dimensions of value systems that would inform a more peaceful society. Such discussion is a basic theoretical question for this journal and it would welcome additional articles on this subject.