Suchergebnisse

Objective We investigated secondary–task–based countermeasures to the vigilance decrement during a simulated partially automated driving (PAD) task, with the goal of understanding the underlying mechanism of the vigilance decrement and maintaining driver vigilance in PAD. Background Partial driving automation requires a human driver to monitor the roadway, but humans are notoriously bad at monitoring tasks over long periods of time, demonstrating the vigilance decrement in such tasks. The overload explanations of the vigilance decrement predict the decrement to be worse with added secondary tasks due to increased task demands and depleted attentional resources, whereas the underload explanations predict the vigilance decrement to be alleviated with secondary tasks due to increased task engagement. Method Participants watched a driving video simulating PAD and were required to identify hazardous vehicles throughout the 45-min drive. A total of 117 participants were assigned to three different vigilance-intervention conditions including a driving-related secondary task (DR) condition, a non-driving-related secondary task (NDR) condition, and a control condition with no secondary tasks. Results Overall, the vigilance decrement was shown over time, reflected in increased response times, reduced hazard detection rates, reduced response sensitivity, shifted response criterion, and subjective reports on task-induced stress. Compared to the DR and the control conditions, the NDR displayed a mitigated vigilance decrement. Conclusion This study provided convergent evidence for both resource depletion and disengagement as sources of the vigilance decrement. Application The practical implication is that infrequent and intermittent breaks using a non-driving related task may help alleviate the vigilance decrement in PAD systems.

Abstract
The tension between the literary styles of Liu Xiaochuo 劉孝綽 (481–539) and Dao Qia 到洽 (490–527) can be understood as a debate between poetic genius and a more scholarly focus, signaling a confrontation between the capital's literary camps in the Putong reign 普通 (520–527) of the Liang Dynasty 梁 (502–557). The major difference between the literary camps lies in the consideration given to natural poetic talent versus erudition in writings. When Xiao Gang 蕭綱 (503–551), Liu Xiaochuo's supporter, became crown prince in 531, his own conflict with the scholarly group including Dao Gai 到溉 (477–548) and Zhu Yi 朱异 (483–540) probably prompted his "Letter to the Prince of Xiangdong" 與湘東王書 (Yu Xiangdong Wang shu). In this letter Xiao Gang displays his literary view deemphasizing scholarly learning and erudition in poetry. By comparison Xiao Yan 蕭衍 (464–549) and Xiao Yi 蕭繹 (508–555) valued scholarly learning still more and regarded literature as a relatively insignificant talent or minor accomplishment. Xiao Gang represents a departure—by placing literary talent above scholarship, he catered to the fashion among the Liang Dynasty's nobility for reciting poetry and writing fu 賦 (rhapsody) while "rarely taking classical studies as their profession" 罕以經朮為業 and thus elevated the social status of belles lettres.

Abstract
The state, the market, the family and social organizations play exchangeable and mutually complimentary roles in provision of social welfare to children. The Buddhist charities play an increasingly important role in offering social protection to the children in plight, from ensuring the basic livelihood for the children and meeting the children's need for development to guaranteeing the children social security and encouraging and facilitating the children's social engagement. Due to the constraints of charity systems, the stereotypical impression about religions and the defects in the internal governance structure of the Buddhist charities, such charities face a host of problems in joining in the endeavor to protect the children in plight, such as the failure to get registered in a timely and legal manner, their marginal existence leading to inadequate protection to the children in plight and the distortion of their organization culture. This article, based on a case study of Hongde Homeland offering aid to the orphans in poverty-stricken mountainous areas, explores the background and strategy for the Buddhist charities to protect the children in plight and makes policy proposals on the appropriate ways to offer the children in plight religious welfare as a part of social protection.

In China, there are rich reserves of natural gas resources. Natural gas, as a clean and high-quality energy and important chemical raw material, has made significant contribution to the national economic growth and development. Therefore, it is significant to vigorously develop the natural gas industry and perfect its market for improving China's energy consumption structure, easing contradictions between supply and demand, ensuring our national economic development as well as national energy security. The price of natural gas is one of the major means to develop its market and stimulate its consumption. At present, the price of natural gas is decided by our special two-track pricing mechanism which is controlled by the government to great extent, the price mechanism of natural gas is not market-oriented, so there are still lots of problems in China's natural gas pricing mechanism. However, due to this model of pricing mechanism, obviously, the government plays a very important role in the formulation of natural gas prices, and then, it is necessary to do some researches on the functions of government in the pricing mechanism of natural gas, so as to solve the existing problems in the current mechanism and further promote the development of natural gas market healthily and rapidly.