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SUMMARY: This article observes that so far the emphasis has been on the influence of colonialism rather than on the large social and economic domains that remained beyond imperial control. It has been widely acknowledged that this has paradoxically resulted in a privileging of colonial discourse and an overstatement of Europe's historical role rather than a decentering of Europe in global history. The article explores how current attempts to challenge narratives of European exceptionalism and to contextualize colonialism as an aspect rather than a phase of globalization could be applied more effectively. It suggests that by coupling the approaches of New Imperial History and New Institutional Economic History a more realistic insight into the relative weight of these domains beyond imperial control might be obtained and, hence, a more precise assessment of the historical roles of colonial empires. In this venture, different epistemological positions and different systems of knowledge production are involved. The article briefly presents a few examples to underline the argument that extensive domains remained beyond imperial control. These include local money lending and business circuits, colonial bourgeoisies, transnational relations, and the world market. В статье предпринята попытка сместить акцент в изучении эпохи империализма: отказаться от преобладающей фиксации на влиянии колониализма, взглянув на более обширные социальные и экономи-ческие сферы, остававшиеся вне контроля империй. Традиционный подход приводит к преувеличению значения колониального дискурса и исторической роли Европы и не преодолевает европоцентричность всемирной истории. Автор показывает, что современные попытки поколебать нарративы европейской исключительности и контексту-ализировать колониализм как аспект , а не самостоятельную фазу глобализации могли бы быть более эффективными. Он предлагает объединить подходы Новой имперской истории и Новой институцио-нальной экономической истории для получения более реалистичного представления об относительной значимости этих сфер вне имперского контроля, а значит, и более точной оценки исторической роли колони-альных империй. Несколько конкретных примеров дают представление о тех обширных сферах, что оставались вне имперского контроля: в частности, местные кредитные и коммерческие круги, колониальная буржуазия, транснациональные связи и мировой рынок.

This paper shows the importance of colonial garrisons and colonial migratory circuits in the history of European migration. During the nineteenth century the overwhelming majority of European-born migrants to the Dutch East Indies were military personnel. Rapidly decreasing mortality rates and a large influx of European military personnel in the decades of colonial wars were responsible for the remarkable growth of the European colonial population throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. As a consequence an extensive colonial-metropole migration circuit emerged. Contrary to expectations, neither the opening of the Suez Canal nor imperialist expansion resulted in a significant increase of white civilian emigration to colonial Indonesia in the late nineteenth century. Instead, sailings through Suez went north as frequently as south. It was only at a much later stage, following the end of World War I, that the tobacco and rubber plantations as well as the oil industry of the Outer Regions of the Indies archipelago generated an unprecedented demand for expatriate labor.

AbstractEver since the interregnum from 1811 to 1816 of Lieutenant Governor General Stamford Raffles, British trading interests had been firmly established in colonial Indonesia. The implementation of the Cultivation System in 1830 on Java by the Dutch colonial government was an attempt to bring this potentially rich colony under Dutch economic control, but it is usually considered a departure from the principles of economic liberalism and a phase during which private entrepreneurs were barred from the emerging plantation economy. However, on the basis of census data and immigration records, and with reference to recent literature on the development of the nineteenth-century sugar industry, this article argues that British trading houses present on Java in the early nineteenth century continued to play an important role in the development of the production there of tropical goods, and that the emerging plantation economy attracted a modest influx of technicians and employees from various European nations. This article proposes to consider the Cultivation System and private enterprise not as mutually exclusive, but as complementary in making the cane sugar industry of Java the second largest in the world after that of Cuba.