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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: The Predicament of Russian Parliamentarianism -- PART ONE: DUALISM AND SOBORNOST' (A THEORY) -- 1 Transition to Modernity and the Problem of Social Integration -- 1. Integration Mechanisms as Elements of Political Cultures -- 2. Value-Based Integration: From Mystic Unity to Dualism -- 3. From Dualism to Institutional Democracy -- 2 Pluralism and Integration -- 1. The Stability of Democracy -- 2. Presidentialism versus Parliamentarianism -- 3. Institutional Alternatives and Cultural Constraints -- 3 Perestroika and the crisis of Sobornost' -- 1. The crisis of the Socialist Idea and the Disintegration of the USSR -- 2. The Game and the Failure of Perestroika -- 3. The Conflict of Elites -- 4. Political Dualism and the Fate of Sobornost' -- PART TWO: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT (A HISTORY) -- 4 From a Regional Assembly to the National Legislature -- 1. The Prelude -- 2. The 1990 Republican Election -- 3. The First Congress and the Sovereignty of Russia -- 4. The Presidency -- 5. The August Coup -- 5 The Parliament and the Reform -- 1. At a Turning-Point -- 2. The Ideology of Reform and the Economic Realities -- 3. Sobornost' and the Reform -- 4. The Star Hour -- 6 The Fall of the Parliament -- 1. The Interlude -- 2. The Seventh Congress -- 3. The Spring Crisis -- 4. The End of the Parliament -- PART THREE: PARLIAMENTARY BEHAVIOUR AT A FORMATIVE STAGE (THREE CASE STUDIES) -- 7 Voting in the Russian Parliament: The Spectrum of Political Forces and the Conflict between the Executive and the Legislative -- 1. Studying Group Voting Behaviour in Non-Party Settings -- 2. The Analysis of Voting and the Homogeneity of Factions -- 3. The Conflict of Powers and the Evolution of Political Forces

The problems of efficient use of energy costs have been actively explored in recent decades in connection with rising energy prices. During this period, the main models for assessing energy efficiency and energy management were developed, including the models Total Quality Management, Six Sigma and Sustainable Value Stream Mapping. The aim of the research was to study the energy efficiency of the production and services in Kazakhstan based on materials of the large-scale national study on the estimation of production and transaction costs by these methodologies. To assess the data obtained, a statistical analysis of the dependence on the indicators of variation and ranking was used. Electricity costs are among the leading manufacturing costs and affect management models. However, according to the maturity model of energy management, energy efficiency in Kazakhstan is low. Despite the government&rsquo ; s declarations of effective energy policies, the administrative burden for businesses remains high, and legislation does not stimulate a reduction in energy costs.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the origins, grounds and possible consequences of the political crisis in modern Italy. The paper shows that the Italian crisis has acquired a scale that challenges the interests of political establishment of the country and the very principles of the EU existence.

Methods and materials. The authors seek a combination of General theoretical and special methods, focusing on the historical, socio-cultural and political analysis. They are based on the analysis of periodicals, as well as using articles and materials of researchers on the problems of political development in Italy.

Analysis. The source of the crisis is the protest of citizens against the state authority and strategies of the political class of Italy, which is accompanied by the requirement of institutional reforms and socio-economic policy for benefit of the majority, in order to establish new political rules and form a truly legitimate political mechanism. These demands came from various social groups and led to a number of political and legal transformations, culminating in the "populist government", which came to power as a result of the parliamentary elections of 2018. The "Populist government" intended to revise many previous approaches in domestic and foreign policy. It is the Alliance of the right-wing and left-wing populists that was entrusted by Italian society with necessary reforms.

Results. According to the authors, it is political populism as a possible platform for social and political transformations, along with a number of possible risks, that contains a positive potential associated with the possibility of overcoming ideological divisions, corporate selfishness of Italian politicians and parties, as well as alienation in the relations of the power and society. This approach to resolving issues by the "populist government" will contribute to the gradual resolution of the problems that have caused the long-term political crisis in Italy.

Proof-of-work is a central concept in modern cryptocurrencies and denial-ofservice protection tools, but the requirement for fast verification so far has made it an easy prey for GPU-, ASIC-, and botnet-equipped users. The attempts to rely on memory-intensive computations in order to remedy the disparity between architectures have resulted in slow or broken schemes. In this paper we solve this open problem and show how to construct an asymmetric proof-of-work (PoW) based on a computationally-hard problem, which requires a great deal of memory to generate a proof (called a "memory-hardness" feature) but is instant to verify. Our primary proposal, Equihash, is a PoW based on the generalized birthday problem and enhanced Wagner's algorithm for it. We introduce the new technique of algorithm binding to prevent cost amortization and demonstrate that possible parallel implementations are constrained by memory bandwidth. Our scheme has tunable and steep time-space tradeoffs, which impose large computational penalties if less memory is used. Our solution is practical and ready to deploy: a reference implementation of a proof-of-work requiring 700 MB of RAM runs in 15 seconds on a 2.1 GHz CPU, increases the computations by a factor of 1000 if memory is halved, and presents a proof of just 120 bytes long.

В статье рассматривается «минимальная конфигурация» социальных институтов, обеспечивающих устойчивое развитие не путем приспособления к «окружающей среде» (тип адаптации, характерный для «традиционных» обществ»), а посредством непрерывной генерации и внедрения инноваций, меняющих «окружающую среду» соответственно нуждам и запросам общества. Этот тип активной адаптации, характерный для «современного» общества, был бы невозможен без трех базисных метаинститутов современности: 1) академической науки, 2) банковско-биржевой системы; 3) представительных законодательных институтов и трех «институтов поддержки»: 4) свободной прессы, 5) рациональной бюрократии, 6) независимого суда. ; The article deals with the «minimal configuration» of social institutions that ensure sustainable development not by adapting to the environment (the adaptive behaviour characteristic of traditional societies), but through uninterrupted generation and implementation of innovations that transform environment to meet the changing needs of humankind. This type of active adaptive behaviour characteristic of modern society could not be maintained in the absence of three basic «metainstitutions» of modernity, viz. 1) science, 2) the banking and exchange system, 3) institutions of representative democracy (parliaments), plus three «support institutions»: 4) free press (mass media), 5) rational bureaucracy, 6) independent judiciary.

Following the history of Russia–Poland relations, the evolution of Poland's foreign policy and strategy through the ages, in the context of its relations with Russia and Germany, is analyzed. Considering Poland's position towards its relations with Russia, the authors critically analyze political stereotypes by which Polish elites and consequently their foreign policies and strategies are guided. The article sheds light also on costs and limits of traditional Polish geopolitics. Finally, the authors urge Warsaw to address the "Realpolitik" strategy, and propose concrete recommendations which could help "transform" Poland from the "barrier" into the "strategic bridge" connecting Russia and Germany: to the benefit of the three countries (Germany, Poland, Russia) and of the United Europe.

Lightweight cryptography has been one of the ``hot topics'' in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a ``lightweight'' algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (\nist{}.) and international (\textsc{iso/iec}.) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers' preference for \arx{}-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: \emph{ultra-lightweight} and \emph{IoT} cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the \aes{} and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the features and historical evolution of the SovietChinese (later Russian-Chinese) relations from the moment of the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 to the present. The analysis of the complex of factors that determined the complex dynamics of the relations between the two countries was carried out by the author of the article. It is shown that the SovietChinese (later – Russian-Chinese) relations developed from close alliance to alienation and confrontation – with reaching a level of strategic partnership in the second decade of the 21st century. Methods and materials. The authors seek a combination of general theoretical and special methods, focusing on the historical, sociocultural and political analysis. They are based on the analysis of periodicals, as well as using books, articles and materials of researchers on the problems of the political development of China and the USSR (Russia) and on the transformation of the nature of their bilateral relations. The author analyzes the current situation in the relations between the two countries, according to which the nature of the development of the general situation in international relations and the objective foreign policy interests of China and Russia encourage them to build and deepen bilateral partnership. Results. According to the author, many of the reasons that gave rise to a conflict of interests and confrontation between the two countries in previous years are exhausted today. At the same time, the joint participation of China and Russia in the formation and adoption of a new, more equitable and sustainable world order, in the settlement of conflicts and crises, in the arrangement of the Greater Eurasia space seems to the author justified and promising. Among the factors defining the nature of the Sino-Soviet relations the author identifies the relationship between the leaders of the two countries, the difference of geopolitical concepts and approaches, ideological disputes and differences in the views on strategy and prospects of the communist movement, the logic of the socio-political and socio-economic development in the context of modernization. The changing and contradictory correlation of these factors determined the development of the Soviet-Chinese (later Russian-Chinese) relations from a close alliance to mutual distancing and confrontation – with the subsequent entry into strategic partnership.