Suchergebnisse

Land use zoning policy has been applied in many countries such as the United States, England and Germany, since the second half of the nineteenth century, as one of legal systems for managing and regulating land uses in cities through many types and tools that are developed over the time. The primary type focused on identifying specific kind of land use in each area, without any mixing to improve the environmental conditions. Then, the following types used the population density index to reduce congestion in large cities, in addition to some physical and urban characteristics such as building heights, building size, floor area ratio, the percentage of roads, services and open spaces to cover environment, social, economic and urban dimensions and measure the degree of achievement the development goals for creating livable communities. Although these types are diverse, there are a number of challenges in implementation them such as the refusal of some owners towards applying planning recommendations on their private properties. In addition to the lack of justice and freedom among some owners in choosing appropriate land use for their own revenues. For these reasons, there is emergence of new types called land use plot, spot and rezoning policy, which deal with each land plot in a more flexible way to achieve a balance between the public interest and private benefits. At the local level, it is clear that zoning policy has appeared in Egypt since 1905 for planning the new residential suburban areas by using specific building requirements for each area to create compatible urban environments and a distinct urban personality. Then it was used in re-planning process for existing areas and informal communities through various planning and building laws, which need to be developed for dealing with the private properties without any dispute between the stakeholders and without government spending towards the compensation values. Therefore, this paper is important in determining the suitable types and tools of zoning policy for re-planning informal areas with private properties, by reviewing the results of some studies and international experiences in this field. As well as evaluating the current applied types of land use zoning policy in developing Egyptian informal areas through selecting one case study (Maspero triangle area), to benefit from the results of theoretical and practical framework in implementation the future projects with the acceptance of all parties and owners.

Back in 2011, in Northern Africa, widely spread social discontent caused degrees of unrest, varying with what the political situation was like locally. In several countries, unrest gave rise to revolutionary movements. They were are parts of what we usually call the « Arab springs ». This paper focuses on how Le Monde newspaper related the political upheavals in Libya, a country which went through a period of insurgency, following after those in Tunisia and in Egypt. In Libya, a localised rebellion against the Gheddafi regime took on the more impetus as it got the backing of an international coalition, including France. This paper aims at scrutinising how Le Monde dealt with the rebellion, which turned into a revolution through time. France took part in the rebellion, from the outset, in Bengahzi, on february, 17, 2011, to Gheddafi's death, on november, 2, 2011. What stance did Le Monde take about the rebellion ? What were the points of interests explaining why Le Monde took special attention to the forces opposing Gheddafi. several months over, Le Monde gave reports abouts the civil war Libya was badly going through, giving special focus to the Libyan insurgents. Is it that Le Monde neglected to have a look at those Lybians opposed to any military intervention ? When we reviewed the large amount of available information on that subject, we found out that there was a gap in how Le Monde had rendered what had taken place. We took this gap into account when we set down the Lybian time sequence Our paper then falls into 2 parts, divided into chapters and sub-chapters. In each chapter, we review how Le Monde reports what happens in Lybia according to how Le Monde editors figure up the situation there. Our review makes a point of bringing out what is factual from what pertains to an ideological approach of these facts. Beside the articles by Le Monde journalists, the readers of their « Débats » page could read more about additional points of view, going along with the journalists'opinions about the rebellion, (and, ...

Back in 2011, in Northern Africa, widely spread social discontent caused degrees of unrest, varying with what the political situation was like locally. In several countries, unrest gave rise to revolutionary movements. They were are parts of what we usually call the « Arab springs ». This paper focuses on how Le Monde newspaper related the political upheavals in Libya, a country which went through a period of insurgency, following after those in Tunisia and in Egypt. In Libya, a localised rebellion against the Gheddafi regime took on the more impetus as it got the backing of an international coalition, including France. This paper aims at scrutinising how Le Monde dealt with the rebellion, which turned into a revolution through time. France took part in the rebellion, from the outset, in Bengahzi, on february, 17, 2011, to Gheddafi's death, on november, 2, 2011. What stance did Le Monde take about the rebellion ? What were the points of interests explaining why Le Monde took special attention to the forces opposing Gheddafi. several months over, Le Monde gave reports abouts the civil war Libya was badly going through, giving special focus to the Libyan insurgents. Is it that Le Monde neglected to have a look at those Lybians opposed to any military intervention ? When we reviewed the large amount of available information on that subject, we found out that there was a gap in how Le Monde had rendered what had taken place. We took this gap into account when we set down the Lybian time sequence Our paper then falls into 2 parts, divided into chapters and sub-chapters. In each chapter, we review how Le Monde reports what happens in Lybia according to how Le Monde editors figure up the situation there. Our review makes a point of bringing out what is factual from what pertains to an ideological approach of these facts. Beside the articles by Le Monde journalists, the readers of their « Débats » page could read more about additional points of view, going along with the journalists'opinions about the rebellion, (and, ...

Back in 2011, in Northern Africa, widely spread social discontent caused degrees of unrest, varying with what the political situation was like locally. In several countries, unrest gave rise to revolutionary movements. They were are parts of what we usually call the « Arab springs ». This paper focuses on how Le Monde newspaper related the political upheavals in Libya, a country which went through a period of insurgency, following after those in Tunisia and in Egypt. In Libya, a localised rebellion against the Gheddafi regime took on the more impetus as it got the backing of an international coalition, including France. This paper aims at scrutinising how Le Monde dealt with the rebellion, which turned into a revolution through time. France took part in the rebellion, from the outset, in Bengahzi, on february, 17, 2011, to Gheddafi's death, on november, 2, 2011. What stance did Le Monde take about the rebellion ? What were the points of interests explaining why Le Monde took special attention to the forces opposing Gheddafi. several months over, Le Monde gave reports abouts the civil war Libya was badly going through, giving special focus to the Libyan insurgents. Is it that Le Monde neglected to have a look at those Lybians opposed to any military intervention ? When we reviewed the large amount of available information on that subject, we found out that there was a gap in how Le Monde had rendered what had taken place. We took this gap into account when we set down the Lybian time sequence Our paper then falls into 2 parts, divided into chapters and sub-chapters. In each chapter, we review how Le Monde reports what happens in Lybia according to how Le Monde editors figure up the situation there. Our review makes a point of bringing out what is factual from what pertains to an ideological approach of these facts. Beside the articles by Le Monde journalists, the readers of their « Débats » page could read more about additional points of view, going along with the journalists'opinions about the rebellion, (and, ...

The recent political events in Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Tunisia (2011) have confirmed the key role of social networks (SNSs), as well as online political news in supporting citizens with their self-determination. Furthermore, "changes in the media landscape present new challenges for scholars interested in the relationship between the media and civil society. Additionally, the explosion of the Internet that started in advanced democracies and has spread through much of the globe provides new and unexplored pathways for communication. Moreover, the inclusion of the Internet in the media environment raises new questions for citizens, politicians, researchers, journalists, and government" (Oates, Owen & Gibson, 2006, p. 1). This study looks at the relationships between young people's exposure to political news on the Internet and their political awareness. It develops and applies an index for political participation composed of several variables measuring political interest, discussion, knowledge, and participation. The survey among students in both countries was administered in Arabic and German, while the master questionnaire was developed in English. The survey was conducted between April and June 2010 in Egypt at Minia University and in Germany at Technical university of Dresden. The sample size was 1000 (500 in each country) students from several departments representing different academic fields: three departments of Engineering, three departments of Humanities and Social Science, and finally three departments of Natural Science. The study's main research question was: "What is the impact of students' exposure to political news on the Internet on their political awareness and civic activities?" The researcher started from the hypothesis that heavy use of political news on the Internet is positively related to political awareness. A further research question aimed at gauging the role of intervening variables such as gender and field of study for the relationship between the use of political news on the Internet and the level of political awareness. Results show that there is a positive relationship between using political online news and political awareness. German students' political awareness for German students was higher than Egypt student's political awareness (M=63.02, SD=15.65, comparing to M=45.72, SD= 17.65 for Egyptians).:Table of Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE OF YOUNG PEOPLE…………………………………………………………………………….8 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 8 1.2. POLITICAL MEDIA USES AND EFFECTS IN THE LIFE OF YOUNG PEOPLE 10 1.3. THE ROLE OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN ELECTION CAMPAIGNS 12 1.4. THE LITERATURE UP TO NOW IN THIS AREA 14 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS 18 1.5.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 18 1.5.2 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 18 CHAPTER 2: CHANGING COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE INTERNET AGE …………….20 2.1 INTRODUCTION 20 2.2 INTERNET HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT 20 2.3 STRUCTURE, FEATURES AND PHENOMENA OF THE INTERNET 23 2.3.1 MANY TO MANY COMMUNICATION 23 2.3.2 INTERACTIVITY 34 2.3.3 CREDIBILITY 28 2.4 SOCIAL NETWORK (SNSS) 30 2.4.1 SOCIAL NETWORK; DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND DEVELOPMENT 30 2.4.2 SOCIAL NETWORK (SNSS); USERS, CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES 32 2.4. 3 BLOGS 35 2.5 INTERNET USE 38 2.5.1 GENERAL TRENDS 38 2.5.2. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AND –INTERNET USE 40 2.6. SOCIAL NETWORK AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN EGYPT 44 2.7 CONCLUSION 47 CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL AWARENESS AND RELATED CONSTRUCTS………. 49 3.1 INTRODUCTION 49 3.2 POLITICAL COGNITIONS 50 3.3 POLITICAL INTEREST 51 3.4 POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE 52 3.4.1. MEASURING OF POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE 53 3.4.2 MEDIA USE AND POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE 54 3.5. POLITICAL EFFICACY 56 3.5.1 DEFINITION 56 3.5.2. MEASURINGOF POLITICAL EFFICACY 58 3.6. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 59 3.6.1. THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 61 3.6.2. MEASURING OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 62 3.6.3 VOTING 63 3.7. POLITICAL DISCOURSE 66 3.8. POLITICAL AWARENESS 67 3.8.1. CONCLUSION ON THE OPERATIONALIZATION 68 3.8.2. MASS MEDIA AND POLITICAL AWARENESS 70 CHAPTER4: THE POLITICAL AND MEDIA SYSTEMS IN GERMANY AND EGYPT 71 4.1. EGYPTIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM 71 4.2. EGYPTIAN MEDIA SYSTEM 72 4.2.1 HISTORY AND POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 72 4.2.2 THE EGYPTIAN PRESS 75 4.2.3. RADIO AND TV UNION 77 4.2.4 OTHER MEDIA OUTLETS 97 4.3. GERMANY MEDIA SYSTEM AND POLITICAL SYSTEM 81 4.4. GERMANY MEDIA SYSTEM 82 4.4.1 HISTORY AND POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 82 4.4.2 THE GERMANY PRESS 83 4.4.3. RADIO AND TV UNION 84 4.4.4. OTHER MEDIA OUTLETS 85 5.1. CONCLUSION 85 CHAPTER 5: METHODS ………87 5.1. SAMPLE 87 5.2. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 88 5.3. FIELDWORK AND DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE 89 5.3.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLES 89 5.3.2. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV'S) 91 5.4. DATA ANALYSIS …92 5.5. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF MEASURES. 93 5.5.1 VALIDITY 93 5.5.2 RELIABILITY 94 CHAPTER 6: RESULTS COMPARING EGYPTIAN AND GERMANY UNIVERSITY STUDENT'S ….95 6.1 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIA USE 95 6.1.1 POLITICAL FREEDOM 95 6.1.2 TECHNICAL ACCESS TO INTERNET 98 6.1.3 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE 98 6.2. GENERAL MEDIA EXPOSURE 101 6.2.1 TRADITIONAL OR NEW MEDIA PLATFORM? 102 6.2.2 WHERE AND WHEN DO YOUNG PEOPLE USE THE INTERNET? 104 6.3 EXPOSURES TO POLITICAL MEDIA CONTENT 106 6.3.1 ACCESSING POLITICAL INFORMATION ONLINE 107 6.3.2. THE AMOUNT OF ONLINE COVERAGE OF POLITICAL NEWS 109 6.3.3 CONFIDENCE AND ACCURATE PICTURE OF ONLINE POLITICAL NEWS 110 6.4 POLITICAL AWARENESS 111 6.4.1 POLITICAL INTEREST 111 6.4.2 POLITICAL DISCUSSION 113 6.4.3. POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE 113 6.4.4 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 116 6.5. INTERNET USE AND POLITICAL AWARENESS 119 CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION IN LIGHT OF THEORY AND HYPOTHESIS 126 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 129 9. REFERENCES 130 APPENDICES. 145 A/QUESTIONNAIRE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 145 B/QUESTIONNAIRE IN GERMAN LANGUAGE 155 C/QUESTIONNAIRE IN ARABIC LANGUAGE 166 APPENDIX. D. AGREEMENT LETTER TO APPLY QUESTIONNAIRE IN EGYPT FROM CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS 175 APPENDIX. E. LIST OF TABLES 176