Статья анализирует преломление общественной оценки А. Ф. Керенского как исторической фигуры в русской живописи революционной эпохи. Основное внимание в работе акцентировано на трех портретах А. Ф. Керенского, написанных в зените его политической славы, летом 1917 г., И. Е. Репиным и его учеником И. И. Бродским. Автор последовательно рассматривает трактовку внутренней неоднозначности модели в традиционном русском реалистическом портрете и официальном портрете раннего советского искусства. ; The author analyzes the public opinion refraction of Alexander Kerensky as a historical figure in the Russian painting of revolutionary era, pays special attention to the three portraits of Alexander Kerensky drawn at the zenith of his political fame in summer of 1917 by Ilya Repin and his follower I. Brodsky and considers the interpretation of the model inherent non-uniqueness in the traditional Russian realistic portrait and the official portrait of the early soviet art.
Статья посвящена 10 калмыкам-офицерам, награжденным орденом Александра Невского в период Великой Отечественной войны. Нет сомнения в том, что если бы не ликвидация Калмыцкой АССР в 1943 г. и высылка калмыков в Сибирь и Среднюю Азию, в том числе и офицеров-фронтовиков, то среди последних кавалеров «полководческих» орденов было на-много больше. Автор, используя опубликованные материалы, архивные документы, записи бесед с информантами, изучил военные биографии калмыков кавалеров ордена Александра Невского, пытаясь выявить в них общие и особенные черты. ; The article is devoted to ten Kalmyk Red Army offi cers who were awarded by the Order of Alexander Nevsky during Great Patriotic War. The author believes that some historic facts such as abolition of Kalmyk Autonomous Republic and deportation of Kalmyk people to Siberia and Central Asia in 1943 became an obstacle for many offi cers to be awarded by this order of merit of the Soviet Union. The researcher investigated published sources, archive documents, written reports of interview and military biographies of the recipients of the Order of Alexander Nevsky in order to outline their common and specifi c features.
В статье изложены основные направления судебной реформы, на место произвола, судебных ошибок, бюрократизма и волокиты была проведена судебная реформа, которая считалась наиболее прогресивной и полезной для общества, где произошли серьезные экономические и политические изменения. ; Abstract: the article describes the main directions of judicial reform-we, to the place of tyranny, judicial errors, bureaucracy and red tape was carried out judicial reform which was considered the most progressive and useful to society, where there have been major economic and political changes.
The article addresses the issues of professional standards application under the actualization of state educational standards in the context of legislative changing as relative to allowance of professional standards in the professional education system. The authors report on methodological approaches to the actualization of the federal state educational standards of higher education and exemplary basic educational programs. ; Рассмотрены вопросы применения профессиональных стандартов при актуализации ФГОС ВО в условиях изменения законодательства в части требований учёта положений профессиональных стандартов в системе профессионального образования; представлены методические подходы к формированию ФГОС и примерных основных образовательных программ на основе профессиональных стандартов, а также в условиях отсутствия профессиональных стандартов по отдельным видам профессиональной деятельности.
В статье рассказывается о жизненном пути одного из лидеров ТНР и советской Тувы — Александре Мангыевиче Чимба (1908-1984). ; Article reveals the life path of one of the leader of the Peoples' Republic of Tuva and Soviet Tuva – Alexander Mangyevich Chymba (1908-1984)
The presented paper is devoted to very important for Russian society and its statelegal work on a wide range of educational reform. In particular, attention is paid to the university charter of 1884 year. This article investigates the reasons for it. Attention also paid to staff training. Comprehensive study of the Charter contents. This document makes corrections in legal education. Firstly, departments of history foreign laws and history Slavic laws were removed. Although, the number departments faculties of law was increased. There are departments of Roman right, police (administrative) right, financial right, international right, criminal right, church law, civil right, civil process, political economy and statistic. In this article points of view of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and contemporary researchers and social and state personalities are presented on educational counter-reform, for example, Pobedonoszev K.P., Myravjev N.V., Vitte S.U., Katkov M.N., Yablokov S.A, Skripilev E.A., Kodan S.V., Illerickaya N.V. In the end of the artivle author made the analysis of the University's Charter of 1884 year.
Статья посвящена осмыслению научного и аналитического наследия одного из наиболее ярких современных мыслителей А.С. Панарина, в творчестве которого особое место занимают проблемы, возникающие в процессе межцивилизационных взаимодействий в современном мире на фоне качественного изменения глобального политического климата. Предметом исследования стал и непростой жизненный путь Панарина, и особенности его творческого метода, которые позволили ему стать основателем успешно развивающейся российской научной школы и оригинального направления политической философии, а также характерный для его творчества четко прописанный и тщательно отрефлексированный цивилизационный подход. Акцентировано внимание на наиболее продуктивном этапе работы ученого, который пришелся на период начала формирования и институционализации в постсоветской России политических наук. Особое внимание уделено последним работам Панарина, в которых раскрывается природа глобальной стратегической нестабильности и специфика православной цивилизации. ; Modern philosophical discourse, particularly on the question of Russian civilization path, is usually treated from the standpoint of philosophical works formal affiliation to Liberalism, Marxism, or Conservatism (Neo-Conservatism, Eurasianism, and Nationalism). My article examines scientific and analytical heritage of Alexander S. Panarin, who remains one of the most outstanding modern thinkers. In Panarin's works, the problems arising in process of interaction between civilizations in the modern world against the backdrop of a qualitative change in the global political climate, take a special place. In the same time, his creative work directed against a specific anti-state and anti-Russian liberalism, is cannot be unambiguously attributed either to Conservatism or to Eurasianism, or to Marxism or to Nationalism. The subjects of my investigation are Panarin's challenging path of life and peculiarities of his constructive method, which let him become the founder of a successfully developing Russian scientific school and original movement of political philosophy, as well as his clear and deeply reflected approach being typical for his work. For these purposes, I used bio-bibliographical and analytical-reading approaches, as well as comparative method, by means of which I show some common grounds of Konstantin Leontyev's conception and Alexander Panarin's philosophical views. In my article, I write about Professor Panarin's scientific biography, his pedagogical gift and manner of working with students. He was open to discussion with any student, even a freshman, helping to overcome the intellectual servitude, to get rid of fear at the adoption of the philosophical approaches. I also show the reasons for which philosopher Panarin did not become one of 'Westerners'. First, he knew the value of 'Westerners' in the countries of non-West. Those 'Westerners' are not only controlled by the West, but also nothing less than are ashamed of national identity and they are afraid of being caught in the role of conductors of national interests of their countries. Secondly, Panarin too highly valued the achievements of Western culture and scientific thought, to merge with 'obsequious Westernism' that incites the worst forces in the West, and thus leads to the emergency dramatic discredit the West in the eyes of the majority in non-Western world In my article, I focused on the most productive stage of Panarin's work during the period when process of political science's formation and institutionalization had just started in post-Soviet Russia, and I pay special attention to the latest Panarin's works revealing the nature of global strategic instability and specificity of orthodox civilization. Having analyzed in detail Panarin's writings of the last five years of his life, I conclude Panarin was belong to rare cohort of people who are called systems analyst, because he could solve problems not amenable to set of run-in methods, but he was not part of the System of total unification; he was the opponent of such System and, from this point of view, he was a conservative.
Изучена должность хилиарха (в переводе с др.-греч. «начальник тысячи») при дворах персидской династии Ахеменидов и Александра Македонского. В качестве источников привлечены произведения античных авторов (труды Арриана, Квинта Курция Руфа, Корнелия Непота, Ксенофонта, Плутарха, Элиана, Юстина и др.), которые содержат материал по истории Персидской империи Ахеменидов и по деятельности Александра Македонского. В отечественной историографии отсутствуют специальные работы, посвященные данной теме, а в зарубежной историографии эта тема специально рассматривается в публикациях А. Коллинза, А. Меуса, А. Кивни. Обстоятельно исследован статус хилиарха, его функции и обязанности, сравнено положение хилиарха в Персидской империи и в империи Александра, прослежены изменения функций хилиарха в процессе создания греко-македонской империи на Востоке, и, наконец, сделан вывод о том, что в Персидской империи в обязанности хилиарха входил контроль за доступом к царю и соблюдением дворцовых церемоний (в частности, проскинесиса), а при Александре должность хилиарха стала более формальной и сводилась к выполнению военных поручений македонского царя. ; The office of chiliarch (from ancient Greek "head of a thousand") at the courts of the Achemenid Persian dynasty and Alexander the Great is considered. The sources include the ancient authors such as works of Arrian, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Cornelius Nepos, Xenophon Plutarch, Aelian, Justin etc., which contain materials on Persian Empire of Achemenid and on Alexander the Great activity. There are no works in the Russian historiography, specially devoted to this topic, but in foreign literature this topic has been studied by A.W. Collins, A. Meus, A.P. Keaveney. The status of chiliarch, its functions and duties are considered. The position of chiliarch in the Persian and Alexander's Empires are also compared. The development of the office of chiliarch in the process of Alexander's Empire creation in the East is described. It is concluded that under the Persians the chiliarch usually controlled an access to the King and observance of court ceremonials and under Alexander the chiliarch was a less influenced person and carried out the military tasks ordered by the Macedonian King.
Рассматриваются факты использования в XVII-XVIII вв. образа Александра Македонского в русской материальной культуре. Автор делает вывод о том, что этот образ воспринимался в синкретическом единстве как имеющий сакральный авторитет, как оберег и как идеологический символ. ; This article considers facts of using the image of Alexander Makedonsky (The Great), which was popular in the Russian traditional culture, in the Russian traditional life of the XVII-XVIII centuries. The author comes to the conclusion about the syncretic character of this image, being a sacral image, Christian and ideological symbol. The author also gives the examples of using this image in the Russian Far East history and political symbology.
Статья посвящена анализу понятия «контрреформы». В работе уделяется внимание классической оценке внутриполитического курса российского правительства этого периода. Автором предлагаются аргументы в пользу иного понимания причин и содержания комплекса организационно-правовых мероприятий, разработанных и проведенных К.П. Победоносцевым, Александром III и др. выдающимися государственными деятелями.The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of counter-reform. Attention in the article is paid to classical estimation of an internal political course of the Russian government of this period. The author offers arguments in favor of other understanding of the reasons and the maintenance of the complex of the organizational-legal actions developed and spent by K.P. Pobedonostzev, Alexander III and other outstanding statesmen.
К концу XIX началу XX в. в Российской империи был сформирован публичный контроль сферы исполнения уголовных наказаний, носивший комплексный характер и включавший в себя четыре основные формы: общественную, ведомственную, прокурорскую и судебную. Каждый вид имел свой предмет, средства реализации, содержание и институциональное воплощение. При этом прокурорский надзор выступал в качестве основного инструмента, обеспечивавшего государственную политику в сфере реализации контрольной деятельности в местах заключения. ; The Criminal and Penal Legislation improvement as well as Prison and Justice Reforming Process provided further development of sentencing monitoring. The Public Monitoring Activity was arranged by the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in the Russian Empire. It had a comprehensive character and included four main forms. These were non-governmental, departmental, prosecutorial, and trial activities. Each form had its own sphere of executing, instruments, content and institutional embodiment. At the same time the Prosecutor's Supervising served as the main tool, which provided the state policy in sentencing monitoring. The Non-governmental Control was executed by the Prison Care Society and its regional and local divisions. Its competence was framed by moral supervising of the prisoners' conduct. The Departmental Supervision was operated by prison inspectors; it focused on sentencing management and sentence executing itself. The sphere of the Control Activity of the Justice of the Peace was bounded by the legal reasons estimating of the jail and preliminary imprisonment. The Prosecutors' Supervision Activity included legal reasons estimating of the jail and preliminary imprisonment, too; and, in addition to this, it was to monitor the discipline practice inside prisons and sentencing 241 management, to provide the sentence executing and participate in sentence case trial hearings. At the same time the Prosecutor's Supervision served as the main tool, which ensured the state policy in sentencing monitoring. Further development of the mentioned monitoring forms provided the upgrading of the Prosecutors' Supervision, which enlarged the sphere of supervisory. Its enlarged sphere included legal estimating of the jail and preliminary imprisonment, sentencing monitoring and sentence execution providing. Realizing these activities the prosecutor was to monitor the discipline practice inside prisons, to provide for the prisoners' rights (right to appeal, right to meetings, etc), to provide the sentencing, and to participate in sentence case trial hearings. As the result of the development the Prosecutors' Supervision was empowered by a complex of latitudes with a comprehensive legal character including consent to discipline measures appointment, right to discharge of the jail and preliminary imprisonment, right to prison chief indication, etc. The mentioned prosecutors' opportunities were the content of the Prosecution Prison Supervision
На основании доклада из архива Православной церкви США (Сайосет, Нью-Йорк) анализируется проект реформы церковного управления 1937 г. Впервые в отечественной историографии изучается схема самостоятельности американского экзархата РПЦ А. Кукулевского, активного церковного деятеля, автора многих организационных и функциональных реформ. Претендуя на приоритет собственного проекта и анализ опыта, А. Кукулевский перечислял исторические достижения Североамериканской митрополии. Выдвигая ключевой идею единства экзархата, религии как аналога идеологии, протопресвитер объяснял необходимость изменений не атеистической политикой СССР, а разногласиями внутри зарубежного православного епископата. В содержании проекта перечислялись трудности митрополии, в первую очередь протест части священников, их перепроизводство, утеря единства, финансовые сложности, распространение церковного сепаратизма. Подобно другим теориям 1930-х годов, схема А. Кукулевского провозглашала национальность основой социального института религии и оппозицией большевизму. Одновременно предлагаемый вариант церковного руководства походил на советскую схему власти, выдвигая коллективную модель (совет епископов) высшей административной властью и в его отсутствие митрополита как инициатора и руководителя всех административных дел. Митрополичий совет был главным финансовым органом. А. Кукулевский как автор проекта сам себе противоречил. Стремясь к взаимоконтролю предлагаемых органов управления, он одновременно пытался оградить архиепископов от помех друг другу. Объявлялись предельная самостоятельность для членов церковной федерации и единство как ее цель, а при осознании такой трудности, как большое количество церковных чиновников, предлагалось увеличение церковной бюрократии. Одной из главных задач А. Кукулевского было расширение социальной базы православия в Америке путем вмешательства в образовательный, культурный, социальный институты, публицистику и контакты с национально-патриотическими организациями. А. Кукулевский не видел своих сложностей и заявлял о своей схеме как наиболее практичной, подчеркивая атмосферу войны, ощущаемую грамотными людьми. Библиогр. 33 назв. ; A report from the archive of the Orthodox church of America is analyzed as the project of reform of church management of 1937. It is researched firstly in domestic historiography as the independence scheme of the American exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) by A. Kukulevsky, who was active Church leader, the author of many organizational and functional reforms. Claiming the priority of his own project and the analysis of his own experience, A. Kukulevsky listed the historical achievements of the North American metropolitanate. Putting forward the key idea of the exarchate's unity, religion as analog of ideology, the protopresbyter explained the need for change not by the atheistic policy of the Soviet Union, but by disagreement within the foreign Orthodox episcopate. The content of the project listed the difficulties of the Archdiocese, primarily, the protest of part of the priests, the overproduction of them, loss of unity, financial problems, and the spread of ecclesiastical separatism. Like other theories from the 1930s, A. Kukulevsky's scheme proclaimed nationality as bases of religion's social institutes and as opposition to Bolshevism. At the same time, the option of leadership as proposed in the Church was like the Soviet scheme of government: It put forward the collective model (Council of bishops) as senior administrative authority and in its absence, the Metropolitan as the initiator and head of all administrative Affairs. The Metropolitan Council was a major financial agency.Kukulevsky as the project author contradicted himself. Striving for mutual control of the proposed management bodies, he tried simultaneously to protect the bishops from interfering with each other. Maxim independence was declared for members of the Church Federation and unity as their goal. The author of the document contradicted himself in the declaration of the high number of church's officials as a difficulty of a metropolitanate and at the same time increasing its religious bureaucracy.One of the main goals of A. Kukulevsky was to expand the social base of Orthodoxy in America by intervention in education, culture, journalism and contacts with the national and patriotic organizations. A. Kukulevsky did not take note of these troubles and announced own scheme as the most practical, emphasizing the warlike atmosphere that was sensed by competent people. Refs 33.
Анализируется процесс роста политической активности американских мусульман, рассматриваются тенденции интеграционного и сепаратистского характера, присущие мусульманской общине США в современных условиях. Четко различается содержание политического активизма «черных мусульман» и мусульман-иммигрантов. Отмечается важная роль последних в дальнейшем развитии американской мусульманской общины. ; Political activism of the American Muslims is analyzed and the process of integration and separatism is under consideration as a feature of the American Muslim community nowadays. The article determines the differences of the political activism among black Muslims and immigrant Muslims as well as substantiates an important role of the latter in subsequent development of the American Muslim community.
В статье военные поселения в России XIX в. анализируются в контексте либеральных проектов и начинаний царствования Александра I. Автор предпринимает попытку рассмотреть институт военных поселений не как реакционное нововведение, что было характерно для предшествующей историографической традиции, а как одно из значимых модернизационных мероприятий, включенных в либеральное реформаторство эпохи. ; In the article the military settlement in Russia analyses in context of liberal projects and undertakings during the reign of Alexandr the First. The author makes an attempt to consider institute of military settlement not as reactionary measure, that was characteristically for the former historiography tradition, but as one of significant modernization measure, witch was including in liberal reformation of the age.
Александр Панарин является одним из неоевразийских мыслителей постсоветской России, который восстановил общественный интерес к идее, где Россия выступает связующим звеном между Востоком и Западом, славянской и европейской культурами и является евразийской имперской моделью. Распад СССР в 1991 г. привел общество к идеологическому кризису. Философия славянского евразийства Александра Панарина пытается способствовать патриотическим чувствам у россиян, которые помнят значение Православных ценностей и Евразийскую политическую теорию русских эмигрантов. Александр Панарин участвует в интеллектуальном развитии российского мессианизма, ищет русскую идентичность в постсоветский период. Эта статья сфокусирована на евразийской геополитической теории Александра Панарина на основе православной этики и славянской культуры. Основными дихотомиями в его политической философии являются: современные и постмодернистские значения, закон и вера, социализм и либерализм, свобода и воля, соборность и индивидуализм, правительство и неолиберальный рынок. Славянское евразийство Александра Панарина противостоит главному врагу неолиберальной идеологии на основе рыночных отношений. ; Alexander Panarin is one of neo-eurasian thinkers of Post-Soviet Russia, restoring public interest in Russian idea as a connection between East and West, Slavic and European culture and Eurasian imperial model. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 bring the russian society on an identity and ideological crisis. The philosophy of Slavic Eurasianism of Alexander Panarin is trying to foster patriotic feelings among Russians remembering the Orthodox values and the Eurasian political theory of Russian emigrants. Alexander Panarin takes part of intellectual development of Russian messianism seeking the Russian identity in Post-Soviet Era. This article is focused on Alexander Panarin's Eurasian geopolitical theory, based on Orthodox ethics and Slavic culture. The fundamental dichotomies in his political philosophy are: Modern and Post-Modern values, Law and Faith, Socialism and Liberalism, Freedom and Liberty, Sobornost and Individualism, Government and Neoliberal Market. The Slavic Eurasianism of Alexander Panarin is opposed to his main enemy the Neoliberal ideology of market values. In his opinion, Russian globalization is a Christian globalization: Christian universalism to keep the human and moral face of the globalized world, the Orthodox ethics is a Protestant alternative, Slavic (Slavic-Eurasian) world is an alternative to the Anglo-Saxon one. His concept of orthodox historical project of Eurasianism as an alternative to "the new world order" is original. Extremes in his views are purely Russian too and it is a polarization of the world metric dualistic thinking. A.S. Panarin creates not just a philosophy, he creates an ideology the chivalrous one as he is on the side of the underdogs, outcasts of the progress and Orthodox, in view of the fact that orthodox Christianity legitimizes the right of Russia to revive "Third Rome." His teaching represents an ideology because he justifies the hypertrophied role of the state as a means to realization of the messianic idea. The model of A.S. Panarin's ideology is similar to a spell of the Mysteries, initiated person symbolically passes through all the trials encountered on the hero's way to gain immortality and to get to the island of blessed people (real time or future), and save from the kingdom of Hades (historical, i.e., linear time, or past). The role of leader-priest is played by the state the carrier of "charismatic authority.
